Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sph₁rós
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Adjective
Alternative reconstructions
Reconstruction notes
Martzloff and Machajdíková adopt the reconstruction *sph₂rós to explain the aspiration in Vedic,[5] though the exact rules by which a laryngeal may have conditioned aspiration in Indo-Iranian is not uncontroversial, and linguists such as Martin Kümmel have supported the derivation of Sanskrit sphā- from *speh₁-.[7] Alternatively, the EIEC explains the aspirate *pʰ as the result of remodeling due to the "affective" meaning of the word.[3]
Declension
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *sph₁rós | *sph₁réh₂ | |
| genitive | *sph₁rósyo | *sph₁réh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *sph₁rós | *sph₁róh₁ | *sph₁róes |
| vocative | *sph₁ré | *sph₁róh₁ | *sph₁róes |
| accusative | *sph₁róm | *sph₁róh₁ | *sph₁róms |
| genitive | *sph₁rósyo | *? | *sph₁róHom |
| ablative | *sph₁réad | *? | *sph₁rómos, *sph₁róbʰos |
| dative | *sph₁róey | *? | *sph₁rómos, *sph₁róbʰos |
| locative | *sph₁réy, *sph₁róy | *? | *sph₁róysu |
| instrumental | *sph₁róh₁ | *? | *sph₁rṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *sph₁réh₂ | *sph₁réh₂h₁(e) | *sph₁réh₂es |
| vocative | *sph₁réh₂ | *sph₁réh₂h₁(e) | *sph₁réh₂es |
| accusative | *sph₁rā́m | *sph₁réh₂h₁(e) | *sph₁réh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *sph₁réh₂s | *? | *sph₁réh₂oHom |
| ablative | *sph₁réh₂s | *? | *sph₁réh₂mos, *sph₁réh₂bʰos |
| dative | *sph₁réh₂ey | *? | *sph₁réh₂mos, *sph₁réh₂bʰos |
| locative | *sph₁réh₂, *sph₁réh₂i | *? | *sph₁réh₂su |
| instrumental | *sph₁réh₂h₁ | *? | *sph₁réh₂mis, *sph₁réh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *sph₁róm | *sph₁róy(h₁) | *sph₁réh₂ |
| vocative | *sph₁róm | *sph₁róy(h₁) | *sph₁réh₂ |
| accusative | *sph₁róm | *sph₁róy(h₁) | *sph₁réh₂ |
| genitive | *sph₁rósyo | *? | *sph₁róHom |
| ablative | *sph₁réad | *? | *sph₁rómos, *sph₁róbʰos |
| dative | *sph₁róey | *? | *sph₁rómos, *sph₁róbʰos |
| locative | *sph₁réy, *sph₁róy | *? | *sph₁róysu |
| instrumental | *sph₁róh₁ | *? | *sph₁rṓys |
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- >? Proto-Slavic: *sporъ (“abundant, lavish”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *sparaz (“frugal, sparing”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰirás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás
- Sanskrit: स्फिर (sphirá, “fat”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás
- Proto-Italic: *sparos
- ⇒ Latin: prosperus (“prosperous, successful”) (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*spara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465: “*sph̥₁-ro-”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “prosperus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 493-494: “*sph₁-ro- 'thriving'”
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sph̥₁rós”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 3
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1 September 1981), “On the reduced grade -a- in Sanskrit”, in Lingua[2], volume 55, number 1, , →ISSN, page 89: “*spH̥₁-ró-”
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vincent Martzloff; Barbora Machajdíková (1 May 2023), “Eichner’s law in Latin, Greek and beyond: some neglected evidence”, in Journal of Latin Linguistics[3], volume 22, number 1, , →ISSN, page 85: “*sph₂-ró- ‘fat’”
- ^ Elbourne, Paul (2001), “Aspiration by /s/ and Devoicing of Mediae aspiratae”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics[4], volume 114, number 2, →ISSN, page 205: “*spḤró-”
- ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2014), “The development of laryngeals in Indo-Iranian”, in The Sound of Indo-European[5], volume 3, Opava, page 1: “sphā- < *speh-”
Further reading
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. sp(h)ē(i)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 983: “sphə-ro-”