Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skend-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *skend-[1]

    1. to jump up, ascend

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    • *skénd-t ~ *skn̥d-ént (athematic root aorist)[1][4]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háskánt
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háskánt
          • Sanskrit: ष्कन् (ṣkán, “to jump”)
      • Proto-Italic: *skandai
        • Latin: scandī (“to ascend”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *skn̥d-é-ti (tudati-type zero-grade thematic present) or *sí-skn̥d-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)[1]
      • Proto-Italic: *skandō[5]
        • Latin: scandō (“to ascend”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *skn̥d-yé-ti (ye-present)[6]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *skəďďō
    • *skn̥-né-d-ti ~ *skn̥-n-d-ént (nasal infix)[7]
      • Proto-Celtic: *skanndeti (see there for further descendants)
    • *skond-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skandáyeti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skandáyeti
          • Sanskrit: स्कन्दयति (skandáyati)
    • *(s)kn̥d-sleh₂[2][3]
      • Proto-Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: սանդուղք (sandułkʻ, “ladder, stairs”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *skandslā[8][5]
        • Latin: scāla (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • >? Ancient Greek: σκάνδαλον (skándalon) (likely instead from Pre-Greek)[9] (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *skend-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 554
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*skand-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 323: “*skandslehₐ-)”
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “sanduɫ-k‘”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 567: “(s)k̂nd-sleh₂-”
    4. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009), Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 48: “*skénd-/ *skn̥d-́; *skandō”
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “scandō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-543: “PIt. *skand-e/o-; PIE aor. *skend-/*sknd- ‘to jump up, ascend’, pr. *sknd-e/o-?; Lat. scala < *skand-sla-”
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκάζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1338: “*skn̥d-i̯e/o-”
    7. ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 575: “*skann-e/o- < *skan-n-d-e/o-”
    8. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 431: “*skandslā-”
    9. ^ van Beek, Lucien (2022), The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
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