Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kneyd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative reconstructions

    Root

    *kneyd-[2][3][4]

    1. to scratch
      Synonym: *kneh₂-

    Reconstruction notes

    The linguist Stefan Höfler posits that a zero-grade root *kníHd- could account for the all of the proposed descendants of *kneyd- and also the terms Ancient Greek κνίση (knísē) and κνίδη (knídē). Höfler proposes that κνίδη (knídē) may reflect *kníHd-éh₂ and that κνίση (knísē) may reflect a pre-form *kníHdseh₂. According to Höfler, the Weather Rule would have led to the deletion of the laryngeal in the sequence *knid-yé-ti, thereby explaining κνίζω (knízō).[1]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kneyd- (1 c, 0 e)
    • *knéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *hnītaną (see there for further descendants)
    • *knid-yé-ti (yé-present)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
    • *knid-tós
    • *knéyd-os?
      • Proto-Italic: *knīdos?
    Unsorted formations
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: kni̇̀sti
      • Latvian: knidêt

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stefan Höfler (22 August 2025), Jesús de la Villa, Araceli Striano, and Rodrigo Verano, editors, Advances in Ancient Greek Linguistics‎[1], De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN
    2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 366
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κνίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 724
    4. ^ Katsiaryna Ackermann (2018), “Root Variation vs. Root Extension – a Putative -i-Infix?”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎[2], volume 131, →ISSN, pages 98–144

    Further reading

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