Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kh₂em-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *kh₂em-

    1. to bend, to curve
    2. to smooth

    Reconstruction notes

    The presence of short *a in all descendants is difficult to explain (see de Vaan (2008) and Beekes (2010:633) for notes) for adherents of the Leiden school's belief in the lack of a PIE phoneme *a; however, this is not a belief shared by all Indo-Europeanists or historical linguists.[1] The validity of a root structure *CHeC- is not universally accepted. The Indo-Iranian descendants of this root would have begun with Vedic kʰ, Avestan x < PIIr *kʰ < PIE *kh₂ (Ringe op. cit. p. 12). An alternative, though equally tentative, solution is that some or all of the cognate set are derived from a common substrate continuum.[2] Beekes was convinced that the Greek terms point to Pre-Greek or some other European substratum.[3] Compare Ancient Greek σκαμβός (skambós).

    Kroonen links Ancient Greek καμπ- (kamp-), Lithuanian kam̃pas and Proto-Germanic *hamfaz with a different root, *kemp- (“to turn, bend”).[4]

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *kam-, *(s)kam-

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kh₂em- (23 c, 0 e)
    • *kh₂m-(e)r-
      • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic:
        • >? Ancient Greek: κμέλεθρα (kmélethra, “beam”) (but more likely Pre-Greek[5])
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kameros
        • Latin: camur (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ ? *kh₂m-ér-e-ti
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kmárati
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kmárati
            • Sanskrit: क्मर॑ति (kmárati, “to be crooked (in body or mind)”) (only attested in the Dhātupāṭha)
          • ? Proto-Iranian: *kamárati
            • ⇒? Proto-Iranian: *kamaraH (“something curved”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
    • *kh₂em-dʰ(h₁)-
      • ⇒ *kh₂m-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s
        • Proto-Hellenic: *kamtʰós, *kantʰós
          • >? Ancient Greek: κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”) (or Pre-Greek[7])
    • *kh₂ém-iH-no-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kámīnos
    • *kh₂em-p-
      • ⇒ *kh₂emp-eh₂
        • Proto-Hellenic: *kampā́, *kámpā
          • Ancient Greek: καμπή (kampḗ, “bend”), κάμπη (kámpē, “caterpillar; a kind of ornament”)
      • ⇒ *kh₂emp-o-s
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *hamfaz (“maimed”)[9] (see there for further descendants)
        • >? Proto-Italic: *kampos (“valley?”)[2]
          • Latin: campus (“field”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *kh₂emp-to-s
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamptas (“corner”)[9]
          • >? Lithuanian: kam̃pas (or from *kh₂emp-o-s)
          • >? Proto-Slavic: *kǫ̃tъ (or from *kaN-to-, or borrowed?) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Celtic: *kantos (“corner, rim”) (or from *kaN-to-) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Hellenic: *kamptos
          • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kámptō (verb) (or from *km̥p-ye-[4])
    Unsorted formations

    See also

    • *(s)kem- (“to compress, tighten”)
    • *(s)kamb-

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Don Jr. (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP. Pp. 12-13
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “campus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάμπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 632–633
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hamfa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 207
    5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κμέλεθρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 720
    6. ^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 191–192
    7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κανθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 635
    8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάμῑνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “kampas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224

    Further reading

    This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.