Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kewh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative forms

    Root

    *kewh₂-[1][2]

    1. to hit, to strike
      Synonyms: *bʰew-, *dʰen-, *kelh₂-, *kret-, *meldʰ-, *pleh₂k-, *(s)kep-
    2. to forge

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kewh₂- (17 c, 0 e)
    • *kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei
        • Latvian: kaût
        • Lithuanian: káuti
        • Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną[2] (see there for further descendants)
    • *kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)[3] or *keh₂u-d-,[4] *kuh₂-d-[1]
      • Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”)[1] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Tocharian:[5]
        • Tocharian A: kot-
        • Tocharian B: kaut-
      • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • >? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)
      • ⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā[4]
        • Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks
        • Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)
    • *kuh₂-yos
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas
        • Lithuanian: kū́jis
        • Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)
    • *keh₂w- (metathesized root)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)[6]
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-
      • Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)[7]
        • Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)
        • Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)
    • →? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cūdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hawwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218
    3. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*keh₂u̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 345-346
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cauda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
    5. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kaut-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
    6. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kau-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 222
    7. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-2
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