Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) +‎ *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).[1]

    Root

    *h₃erdʰ-[2]

    1. upright, high

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ- (35 c, 0 e)
    • *h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥dʰ-éw-s[1]
      • *h₃érdʰu-ko-s[1]
        • Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz[1] (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₃r̥dʰ-ōs[2]
    • *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s[1][6][7][8]
      • Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)[4][6] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós
        • Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)
        • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /⁠ortʰwo-⁠/)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰwás (“high, upright”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *arðwos[6]
        • Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)
    • *h₃erdʰ-ro-
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • >? Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi, “high(?)”)[9][10]
    • Proto-Tocharian:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
    3. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 39-41
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41
    5. ^ Woodhouse, Robert (2011), “Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *(H)r-, *(H)i(V)-, *a and some other laryngeal matters”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia‎[2], volume 16, page 162 of 151-187: “*Hh₃rdʰuo-”
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
    7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
    8. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “ūrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 537-8
    9. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 292
    10. ^ Puhvel, Jaan (1991), Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 5), volume 3, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 203
    11. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ortonāk”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 129

    Further reading

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