ὀρθός

See also: ορθός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *ortʰwós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (“upright”). Cognate with Latin arduus, Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá).^[1] It is possible that the term could also relate to Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐁍𐀸𐀃 (o-two-we-o).^[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /or.tʰós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /orˈtʰos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /orˈθos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /orˈθos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /orˈθos/

Adjective

ὀρθός • (orthós) m (feminine ὀρθή, neuter ὀρθόν); first/second declension

straight, upright, standing, rearing (of horses)
Antonym: καμψός (kampsós)
1. on tiptoe, [full of expectation]], excited
in line, straight forward, in a straight line
Antonyms: σκολιός (skoliós), πλάγιος (plágios)
right, safe, prosperous (of places, ships, course etc.)
right, true, correct (often in adverbial use)
true, real, genuine
upright, righteous, just
(of persons) straight, straightforward, steadfast, firm
(geometry) at right angles to
(astrology) rising vertically (of signs of the zodiac)
Antonym: πλάγιος (plágios)
(grammar) nominative

Inflection

First and second declension of ὀρθός; ὀρθή; ὀρθόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὀρθός orthós	ὀρθή orthḗ	ὀρθόν orthón	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθᾱ́ orthā́	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθοί orthoí	ὀρθαί orthaí	ὀρθᾰ́ orthắ
Genitive	ὀρθοῦ orthoû	ὀρθῆς orthês	ὀρθοῦ orthoû	ὀρθοῖν orthoîn	ὀρθαῖν orthaîn	ὀρθοῖν orthoîn	ὀρθῶν orthôn	ὀρθῶν orthôn	ὀρθῶν orthôn
Dative	ὀρθῷ orthōî	ὀρθῇ orthēî	ὀρθῷ orthōî	ὀρθοῖν orthoîn	ὀρθαῖν orthaîn	ὀρθοῖν orthoîn	ὀρθοῖς orthoîs	ὀρθαῖς orthaîs	ὀρθοῖς orthoîs
Accusative	ὀρθόν orthón	ὀρθήν orthḗn	ὀρθόν orthón	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθᾱ́ orthā́	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθούς orthoús	ὀρθᾱ́ς orthā́s	ὀρθᾰ́ orthắ
Vocative	ὀρθέ orthé	ὀρθή orthḗ	ὀρθόν orthón	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθᾱ́ orthā́	ὀρθώ orthṓ	ὀρθοί orthoí	ὀρθαί orthaí	ὀρθᾰ́ orthắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ὀρθῶς orthôs			ὀρθότερος orthóteros			ὀρθότᾰτος orthótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ὄρθιος (órthios)
ὀρθογώνιος (orthogṓnios)
ὀρθοδίκαιος (orthodíkaios)
ὀρθόκραιρος (orthókrairos)

Related terms

ὄρθρος (órthros)

Descendants

→ English: ortho-
→ Kalo Finnish Romani: hortto

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
^ Anna Morpurgo Davies (1972), “Greek and Indo-European Semi-Consonants: Mycenaean u and w”, in Minos: Revista de Filología Egea‎^[1], volume 12, →ISSN, pages 116-117

“ὀρθός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὀρθός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὀρθός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὀρθός in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ὀρθός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ὀρθός”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G3717 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[2], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- accurate idem, page 7.
- bristling idem, page 100.
- correct idem, page 174.
- direct idem, page 226.
- dispassionate idem, page 236.
- equitable idem, page 280.
- erect idem, page 281.
- even idem, page 284.
- excited idem, page 289.
- expectant idem, page 293.
- expectation idem, page 293.
- fair idem, page 302.
- ferment idem, page 315.
- honest idem, page 404.
- impartial idem, page 419.
- just idem, page 466.
- lawful idem, page 480.
- moral idem, page 540.
- perpendicular idem, page 607.
- qui vive idem, page 665.
- right idem, page 714.
- righteous idem, page 715.
- standing idem, page 811.
- straight idem, page 822.
- straightforward idem, page 822.
- suspense idem, page 845.
- tenterhooks idem, page 862.
- tip-toe idem, page 877.
- true idem, page 898.
- unbiassed idem, page 908.
- unprejudiced idem, page 927.
- unwarped idem, page 936.
- upright idem, page 938.
- veracious idem, page 948.
- vertical idem, page 949.
ὀρθός, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101

[2] Anna Morpurgo Davies (1972), “Greek and Indo-European Semi-Consonants: Mycenaean u and w”, in Minos: Revista de Filología Egea‎^[1], volume 12, →ISSN, pages 116-117

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