Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁r̥sḱéti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₁er- (“to arrive”) + *-sḱéti.
Verb
*h₁r̥sḱéti (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Conjugation
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁r̥sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁r̥sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁r̥sḱóh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱóm | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁r̥sḱési | *h₁r̥sḱés | *h₁r̥sḱé | *h₁r̥sḱḗsi | *h₁r̥sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *h₁r̥sḱéti | *h₁r̥sḱét | *h₁r̥sḱétu | *h₁r̥sḱḗti | *h₁r̥sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *h₁r̥sḱówos | *h₁r̥sḱówe | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓwos | *h₁r̥sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₁r̥sḱétes | *h₁r̥sḱétom | *h₁r̥sḱétom | *h₁r̥sḱḗtes | *h₁r̥sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₁r̥sḱétes | *h₁r̥sḱétām | *h₁r̥sḱétām | *h₁r̥sḱḗtes | *h₁r̥sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *h₁r̥sḱómos | *h₁r̥sḱóme | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓmos | *h₁r̥sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₁r̥sḱéte | *h₁r̥sḱéte | *h₁r̥sḱéte | *h₁r̥sḱḗte | *h₁r̥sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₁r̥sḱónti | *h₁r̥sḱónt | *h₁r̥sḱóntu | *h₁r̥sḱṓnti | *h₁r̥sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₁r̥sḱónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁r̥sḱóh₂er | *h₁r̥sḱóh₂e | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓh₂er | *h₁r̥sḱóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₁r̥sḱéth₂er | *h₁r̥sḱéth₂e | *h₁r̥sḱéso | *h₁r̥sḱḗth₂er | *h₁r̥sḱóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₁r̥sḱétor | *h₁r̥sḱéto | *? | *h₁r̥sḱḗtor | *h₁r̥sḱóyto, *h₁r̥sḱóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₁r̥sḱówosdʰh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₁r̥sḱómosdʰh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *h₁r̥sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *h₁r̥sḱóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₁r̥sḱédʰh₂we | *h₁r̥sḱédʰh₂we | *h₁r̥sḱédʰh₂we | *h₁r̥sḱḗdʰh₂we | *h₁r̥sḱóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₁r̥sḱóntor | *h₁r̥sḱónto | *? | *h₁r̥sḱṓntor | *h₁r̥sḱóyro |
| Participle | *h₁r̥sḱómnos | ||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (āraškizzi, “to come to, arrive at”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- >? Ancient Greek: ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) (or from *h₁ergʰ- (“to move, go”))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥sćáti
References
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ār-i/ar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196-197: “*h₁r-sḱé/ó-”
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 238: “*h₁r̥-sk̂é-”
- ^ Grestenberger, Laura (1 January 2016), “Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European Deponents”, in Indo-European Linguistics[1], volume 4, number 1, Brill, , →ISSN, pages 131-132: “*h₁r̥-sk̑e/o-”
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔρχομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 468: “*h₁r-sk-e/o-”
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2001), “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici[2], volume 24, page 11: “r̥cháti `to reach'< PIE *H₁r-sk-, OP rsa- `to come', Gr. ἔρχομαι `I go', Hitt. arškit `to arrive'”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “errō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194: “*h₁r-ske/o-”
- ^ Weiss, Michael (12 March 2010), “Morphology and Word Formation”, in Bakker, Egbert J., editor, A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language[3], Blackwell Publishing, , →ISBN, page 116: “ἔρχεται continues an original *-ske-/*-sko- presents *h₁r-ské- (Ved. r̥ccháti, Hitt. arškizi) obscured by sound change.”
- ^ Nussbaum, Alan J. (2021), “Spēs Exploration”, in Tarsi, Matteo, editor, Studies in General and Historical Linguistics Offered to Jón Axel Harđarson on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft), volume 166, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 15-16: “errāre ‘wander’: *h₁er-sah₂- (cf. *h₁r̥-sḱo/e- > Ved. r̥ccháti ‘goes’ etc.)”
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*Har¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 163-165