Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwey-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably related to *dwóh₁ (“two”),^[1]^[2] with sense connection "two" > "ambivalence, second thoughts" > "fear".

Root

*dwey-^[3]^[4]

to fear

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dwey- (14 c, 0 e)

*de-dwóy-e ~ *de-duy-ḗr (stative)
*dwey-lós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δειλός (deilós)
*dwéy-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δεῖμα (deîma)
*dwey-mós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δειμός (deimós)
*dwey-nós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δεινός (deinós)
*dwéy-os ~ *dwey-es-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δέος (déos)
*dw(e)y-plo- ~ *dwi-pli-^[5]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: երկիւղ (erkiwł)
*dwey-rós
- Proto-Italic: *deiros
  - Latin: dīrus
*dwey-s-ós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian: *erk-^[6]
- Old Armenian: երկն (erkn), երկնեմ (erknem), երկնչիմ (erknčʻim)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáyšti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwáyṣṭi
  - Sanskrit: द्वेष्टि (dvéṣṭi, “to hate”)
- Proto-Iranian: *dwáyšti
  - Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬈𐬱- (duuaeš-)
  - Middle Persian: byštn' (bištan), byš (bēš)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δειδώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 308
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 173
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 267
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 267–268

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δειδώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 308

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 173

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[5] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 267

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 267–268

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