Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).[1]

    Adverb

    *de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do[1]

    1. (pre- and postposition), to, towards
    2. Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but[2]

    Usage notes

    The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between *de and *do but was otherwise indeclinable.

    Derived terms

    • *de-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3] (see there for further descendants)
    • *do-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō
        • Proto-Slavic: *da (see there for further descendants)
        • Lithuanian: do
      • Proto-Celtic: *dū (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *tō (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *-dō
        • Latin: (quan)dō (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *(h₁)n̥-dó[4][5]

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da[6]
      • Lithuanian: da-
      • Latvian: da
      • Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *de[7] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *ta (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *dḗ[8] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *-de[9]
      • Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /⁠Kudōnijān-de⁠/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /⁠harmoteiōna-de⁠/, “to the wheelwright”))
    • Proto-Italic: *-de[10]
      • Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)
        • Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)
        • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*dó”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 148-56
    2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 160-161
    4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
    5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422
    6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
    7. ^ Peter Schrijver (1997), Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics; II), Maynooth: The Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, →ISBN, pages 140-146
    8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
    9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
    10. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

    Further reading

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