Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰr̥sús
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”) + *-us.
Adjective
*dʰr̥sús[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Declension
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *dʰr̥sús | *dʰr̥séwih₂ | |
| genitive | *dʰr̥séws | *dʰr̥suyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dʰr̥sús | *dʰr̥súh₁(e) | *dʰr̥súes |
| vocative | *dʰr̥sú | *dʰr̥súh₁(e) | *dʰr̥súes |
| accusative | *dʰr̥súm | *dʰr̥súh₁(e) | *dʰr̥súms |
| genitive | *dʰr̥séws | *? | *dʰr̥séwoHom |
| ablative | *dʰr̥séws | *? | *dʰr̥séwmos, *dʰr̥séwbʰos |
| dative | *dʰr̥séwey | *? | *dʰr̥séwmos, *dʰr̥séwbʰos |
| locative | *dʰr̥séw, *dʰr̥séwi | *? | *dʰr̥séwsu |
| instrumental | *dʰr̥séwh₁ | *? | *dʰr̥séwmis, *dʰr̥séwbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dʰr̥séwih₂ | *dʰr̥séwih₂h₁(e) | *dʰr̥séwih₂es |
| vocative | *dʰr̥séwih₂ | *dʰr̥séwih₂h₁(e) | *dʰr̥séwih₂es |
| accusative | *dʰr̥séwih₂m̥ | *dʰr̥séwih₂h₁(e) | *dʰr̥séwih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *dʰr̥suyéh₂s | *? | *dʰr̥suyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *dʰr̥suyéh₂s | *? | *dʰr̥suyéh₂mos, *dʰr̥suyéh₂bʰos |
| dative | *dʰr̥suyéh₂ey | *? | *dʰr̥suyéh₂mos, *dʰr̥suyéh₂bʰos |
| locative | *dʰr̥suyéh₂, *dʰr̥suyéh₂i | *? | *dʰr̥suyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *dʰr̥suyéh₂h₁ | *? | *dʰr̥suyéh₂mis, *dʰr̥suyéh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dʰr̥sú | *dʰr̥súyh₁ | *dʰr̥súh₂ |
| vocative | *dʰr̥sú | *dʰr̥súyh₁ | *dʰr̥súh₂ |
| accusative | *dʰr̥sú | *dʰr̥súyh₁ | *dʰr̥súh₂ |
| genitive | *dʰr̥séws | *? | *dʰr̥séwoHom |
| ablative | *dʰr̥séws | *? | *dʰr̥séwmos, *dʰr̥séwbʰos |
| dative | *dʰr̥séwey | *? | *dʰr̥séwmos, *dʰr̥séwbʰos |
| locative | *dʰr̥séw, *dʰr̥séwi | *? | *dʰr̥séwsu |
| instrumental | *dʰr̥séwh₁ | *? | *dʰr̥séwmis, *dʰr̥séwbʰis |
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršus
- Proto-Germanic:[9]
- Middle High German: türre, dürre
- Proto-Hellenic: *tʰrəsús
- Ancient Greek: θρᾰσύς (thrăsús)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šúš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ
- Sanskrit: धृषु (dhṛṣú)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*dьrzъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137: “*dʰrs-u-”
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “drąsus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 136-137: “*dʰrs-u-”
- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*dʰers-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 120: “*dʰr̥s-u-”
- ^ Willi, A (2022), “Competitive speed: Gr. φθάνω, φθόνος, ταχύς”, in Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft[1], Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN: “θρασύς ‘bold, daring’ (< *dhr̥s-ú-)”
- ^ Svensson, Miguel Villanueva (2003), “Balto-Slavic denominatives from a historical perspective, with special attention to the PIE nu-factitives”, in Deadjectival verb formation in Indo-European: Historical and theoretical perspectives, page 12: “*dhr̥s-ú- ‘bold’ (Gk. θρασύς, Ved. dhr̥ṣṇú-, Sl. *dьrzъkъ)”
- ^ van Beek, Lucien (2022), The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)[2], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176: “The adjective θρασύς ‘bold’ < *dʰr̥s-ú‑”
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 171: “G θρασύς (earlier than θαρσέω 95.1) ‘daring’ < PIE *dhr̥su-”
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*dhers-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 80-81:
- *dhr̥sus: Lith drąsùs ‘brave’, OCS drŭzŭ ‘brave’ (with problematic voicing of *s>z), Grk θρασύς ‘bold, spirited’, OInd dhr̥sú- ‘‘brave’. Hit dassus ‘heavy, strong’ is sometimes derived from *darsus but such a derivation is very dubious.
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*đurzuz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
Further reading
- Fick, August (1890–1909), “dhers-”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 75