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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Indo-European
Adjective
*HéHḱus[1][2]
- swift, quick
Reconstruction notes
- The common reconstruction *h₁óh₁ḱus relies on an assumption that this adjective is related to *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).[3] Zair dismisses this reconstruction for requiring an unparalleled o-grade for an *-us adjective, and prefers to leave the laryngeals unknown.
- If not reconstructed as *h₁óh₁ḱus, then at least one of the laryngeals must be *h₃ and neither of them can be *h₂ (i.e. *h₃-h₁-, *h₁-h₃- or *h₃-h₃-).[1][2]
Inflection
| Athematic, proterokinetic
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masculine
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feminine
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| nominative
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*HéHḱus
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*HHḱéwih₂
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| genitive
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*HHḱéws
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*HHḱuyéh₂s
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| masculine
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*HéHḱus
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*HéHḱuh₁(e)
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*HéHḱewes
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| vocative
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*HéHḱu
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*HéHḱuh₁(e)
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*HéHḱewes
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| accusative
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*HéHḱum
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*HéHḱuh₁(e)
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*HéHḱums
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| genitive
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*HHḱéws
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*?
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*HHḱéwoHom
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| ablative
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*HHḱéws
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*?
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*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
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| dative
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*HHḱéwey
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*?
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*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
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| locative
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*HHḱéw, *HHḱéwi
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*?
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*HHḱúsu
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| instrumental
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*HHḱúh₁
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*?
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*HHḱúmis, *HHḱúbʰis
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| feminine
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*HHḱéwih₂
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*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
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*HHḱéwih₂es
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| vocative
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*HHḱéwih₂
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*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
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*HHḱéwih₂es
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| accusative
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*HHḱéwih₂m̥
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*HHḱéwih₂h₁(e)
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*HHḱéwih₂m̥s
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| genitive
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*HHḱuyéh₂s
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*?
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*HHḱuyéh₂oHom
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| ablative
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*HHḱuyéh₂s
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*?
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*HHḱuyéh₂mos, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰos
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| dative
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*HHḱuyéh₂ey
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*?
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*HHḱuyéh₂mos, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰos
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| locative
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*HHḱuyéh₂, *HHḱuyéh₂i
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*?
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*HHḱuyéh₂su
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| instrumental
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*HHḱuyéh₂h₁
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*?
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*HHḱuyéh₂mis, *HHḱuyéh₂bʰis
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| neuter
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*HéHḱu
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*HéHḱwih₁
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*HéHḱuh₂
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| vocative
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*HéHḱu
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*HéHḱwih₁
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*HéHḱuh₂
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| accusative
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*HéHḱu
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*HéHḱwih₁
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*HéHḱuh₂
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| genitive
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*HHḱéws
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*?
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*HHḱéwoHom
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| ablative
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*HHḱéws
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*?
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*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
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| dative
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*HHḱéwey
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*?
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*HHḱúmos, *HHḱúbʰos
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| locative
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*HHḱéw, *HHḱéwi
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*?
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*HHḱúsu
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| instrumental
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*HHḱúh₁
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*?
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*HHḱúmis, *HHḱúbʰis
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Alternative reconstructions
Derived terms
- *H(é)Hḱu-péth₂r- (“swift-winged”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *astrębъ (see there for further descendants)[5]
- Ancient Greek: ὠκύπτερος (ōkúpteros), Ancient Greek: ὠκῠπέτης (ōkŭpétēs)
- Proto-Italic: *akupetris
- Sanskrit: आशुपत्वन् (āśupátvan)
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *ākus
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dīākus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὠκύς (ōkús)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHćúš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHśúṣ
- Proto-Iranian: *HaHcús
- Proto-Italic: *ōkus
- Latin: ōcior, ōcissimus (from the comparative and superlative)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 25: “*h1/3eh1/3k̂-u-”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 77: “*h₃eHḱ- or *Heh₃ḱ”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ōcior”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1677-1678
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*às(ъ)trę̄bъ; *às(ъ)trě̄bъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 29: “m. o (a) ‘hawk’”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*dī-ākV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 97-98
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 330
Further reading
- Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 200-1