Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrankijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly the causative of *wrinkaną, or more likely *wringaną +‎ *-janą, the root final -k- was adopted from the iterative verb *wrunkōną.^[1] The LIV and de Vaan, however, suggest that Old English wrencan and Old High German birenken actually derive from Proto-Indo-European *wrong-éye-ti, itself derived from a root of the shape *wreng-, perhaps whence also Latin ringor.^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwrɑŋ.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrankijaną^[1]

to wring, to twist

Inflection

Conjugation of *wrankijaną (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wrankijō	*wrankijaų	—	*wrankijai	?
2nd singular	*wrankīsi	*wrankijais	*wrankī	*wrankijasai	*wrankijaisau
3rd singular	*wrankīþi	*wrankijai	*wrankijaþau	*wrankijaþai	*wrankijaiþau
1st dual	*wrankijōs	*wrankijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wrankijaþiz	*wrankijaiþiz	*wrankijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wrankijamaz	*wrankijaim	—	*wrankijanþai	*wrankijainþau
2nd plural	*wrankīþ	*wrankijaiþ	*wrankīþ	*wrankijanþai	*wrankijainþau
3rd plural	*wrankijanþi	*wrankijain	*wrankijanþau	*wrankijanþai	*wrankijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wrankidǭ	*wrankidēdį̄
2nd singular	*wrankidēz	*wrankidēdīz
3rd singular	*wrankidē	*wrankidēdī
1st dual	*wrankidēdū	*wrankidēdīw
2nd dual	*wrankidēdudiz	*wrankidēdīdiz
1st plural	*wrankidēdum	*wrankidēdīm
2nd plural	*wrankidēdud	*wrankidēdīd
3rd plural	*wrankidēdun	*wrankidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*wrankijandz	*wrankidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wrankijan
- Old English: wrencan
  - Middle English: wrenchen, wrenche, wrynche, wrenk, wrenke (Northern)
    - English: wrench
    - Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink
      - >? Scots: renk
- Old High German: *renken
  - Middle High German: renken
    - German: renken
Gothic: *𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wragkjan)
- ⇒ Catalan: ranquejar
- ⇒ Galician: ranquear
- ⇒ Spanish: renquear

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wrankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 594
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯reng-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 700
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ringor, -ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wrankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 594

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯reng-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 700

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ringor, -ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524

[1]

[2]

[3]