Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwelaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to hurt”). Related to Lithuanian gélti (“to hurt”), Old Irish atbaill (“to die”). Old Armenian կեղ (keł, “ulcer, sore”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkʷe.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kwelaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to suffer, hurt

Inflection

Conjugation of *kwelaną (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kwelō	*kwelaų	—	*kwelai	?
2nd singular	*kwilizi	*kwelaiz	*kwel	*kwelazai	*kwelaizau
3rd singular	*kwilidi	*kwelai	*kweladau	*kweladai	*kwelaidau
1st dual	*kwelōz	*kwelaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kweladiz	*kwelaidiz	*kweladiz	—	—
1st plural	*kwelamaz	*kwelaim	—	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau
2nd plural	*kwilid	*kwelaid	*kwilid	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau
3rd plural	*kwelandi	*kwelain	*kwelandau	*kwelandai	*kwelaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwal	*kwēlį̄
2nd singular	*kwalt	*kwēlīz
3rd singular	*kwal	*kwēlī
1st dual	*kwēlū	*kwēlīw
2nd dual	*kwēludiz	*kwēlīdiz
1st plural	*kwēlum	*kwēlīm
2nd plural	*kwēlud	*kwēlīd
3rd plural	*kwēlun	*kwēlīn

	present	past
participles	*kwelandz	*kulanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kwelan
- Old English: cwelan
  - Middle English: quelen
    - English: queal
- Old Saxon: quelan
  - Middle Low German: quelen
    - German Low German: quälen
- Old Dutch: *quelan
  - Middle Dutch: quēlen
    - Dutch: kwelen
    - → Middle English: quaylen, quaile, quayle, quayll
      - English: quail, queal, quele
- Old High German: quelan
  - Middle High German: queln
    - German: quälen

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kwelan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*kwelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), “KWEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 313

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kwelan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*kwelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 227

[Seebold-3] Seebold, Elmar (1970), “KWEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 313

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