Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epider.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi
Proto-Germanic *bi

    From Pre-Germanic *h₁pi, zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on, at”), with voicing due to Verner's law. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on, at”).[1]

    Pronunciation

    Preposition

    *bi[1][2]

    1. by, at [with accusative or dative]
    2. near, around [with accusative or dative]

    Descendants

    • Proto-West Germanic: *bī
      • Old English: bi, be
        • Middle English: by, be, bi
          • English: by
            • → Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
          • Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
          • Yola: bee, be, bie, by
      • Old Frisian: bi, be
        • North Frisian: bi
        • Saterland Frisian: bie
        • West Frisian: by
      • Old Saxon: bī
        • Middle Low German: bî
          • Low German: bi
            • → Swedish: bi
      • Old Dutch: bī
        • Middle Dutch: bi
      • Old High German: bī, pī
        • Middle High German: bī
    • Gothic: 𐌱𐌹 (bi)

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bi”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page xxix
    2. ^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65
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