Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.wɑz/

Etymology 1

From Pre-Germanic *Herwos, which could come from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to order, arrange, fit”) or *h₃er- (“to set in motion”). Compare, in particular, Proto-Tocharian *ārwer (“ready”), Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (a^uruuaṇt, “quick”).^[1]

Adjective

*arwaz^[1]

ready, fast

Inflection

Declension of *arwaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*arwaz	*arwō	*arwą, -atō	*arwai	*arwôz	*arwō
accusative	*arwanǭ	*arwǭ	*arwą, -atō	*arwanz	*arwōz	*arwō
genitive	*arwas, -is	*arwaizōz	*arwas, -is	*arwaizǫ̂	*arwaizǫ̂	*arwaizǫ̂
dative	*arwammai	*arwaizōi	*arwammai	*arwaimaz	*arwaimaz	*arwaimaz
instrumental	*arwanō	*arwaizō	*arwanō	*arwaimiz	*arwaimiz	*arwaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*arwô	*arwǭ	*arwô	*arwaniz	*arwōniz	*arwōnō
accusative	*arwanų	*arwōnų	*arwô	*arwanunz	*arwōnunz	*arwōnō
genitive	*arwiniz	*arwōniz	*arwiniz	*arwanǫ̂	*arwōnǫ̂	*arwanǫ̂
dative	*arwini	*arwōni	*arwini	*arwammaz	*arwōmaz	*arwammaz
instrumental	*arwinē	*arwōnē	*arwinē	*arwammiz	*arwōmiz	*arwammiz

Related terms

*garwaz

Descendants

Old English: earu
Old Saxon: aru
Old Norse: ǫrr
- Icelandic: ör
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐍉 (arwjō) (related adverb, not a direct descendant)

Etymology 2

An old s-stem continuing Proto-Indo-European *Hérus (“scar, wound”); compare Sanskrit अरुस् (arus, “wound”).^[2] Probably cognate to Proto-Germanic *reufaną.^[3]

Noun

*arwaz n^[2]

scar

Inflection

Declension of *arwaz (z-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*arwaz	*arwizō
vocative	*arwaz	*arwizō
accusative	*arwaz	*arwizō
genitive	*arwiziz	*arwizǫ̂
dative	*arwizi	*arwizumaz
instrumental	*arwizē	*arwizumiz

Alternative reconstructions

*arwiz

Descendants

In the West Germanic forms, the word was remodeled as an n-stem and picked up initial n- by metanalysis, or as the result of influence by *narwaz (“narrow”) (n-less forms such as Middle Low German are and dialectal German Arbe are also attested).

Old Saxon: *narwo; *narwa
- Middle Low German: narwe, nare
Old Dutch: *narwo; *narwa
- Middle Dutch: *narwe, nerwe
  - Dutch: nerf
Old High German: narwo; narwa, narawa
- Middle High German: narwe, nare, nar
  - German: Narbe
    - → Luxembourgish: Narb
  - Luxembourgish: Naarf (obsolete)
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚹᛁᛉ (*arwiʀ)
- Old Norse: ǫrr, ǫr, ørr, ør, ęr, *ęrr
  - Icelandic: ör
  - Faroese: arr, err, ør
  - Danish: ar
  - Old Swedish: ær, ar
    - Swedish: ärr
  - Scots: aur
- → Proto-Finnic: *arpi

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arwiz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
^ “arwaz”, in: Bjorvand & Lindeman, Våre arveord, rev. ed. Oslo, 2007.

[EDPG1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37

[EDPG2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arwiz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37

[3] “arwaz”, in: Bjorvand & Lindeman, Våre arveord, rev. ed. Oslo, 2007.

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