Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þiz

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

• IPA^(key): /θiz/

*-þiz f

1. Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:

• Ending in a dental: *-siz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Ending in an obstruent: *-tiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Accent on the suffix in PIE: *-diz (with Verner's Law applied)
• Ending in an nasal: *-stiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Otherwise: *-þiz

• *-iþō

This suffix was no longer productive in the daughter languages, except in Gothic. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-þi
  • Old English: -þ, -d, -t
    • Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
      • English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
      • Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
  • Old Saxon: -th
    • Low German: -d
  • Old Dutch: *-t
    • Dutch: -d, -t, -st
  • Old High German: -d
    • German: -d
• Old Norse: -ðr
  • Icelandic: -ður
  • Faroese: -ður
  • Swedish: -d
  • Danish: -d
• Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)