Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudijaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Kroonen suggests a possible derivation from a pre-form *tewh₂-tiό-, itself possibly from the root *tewh₂-.^[1] Alternatively, Orel suggests that the term ought to be derived from *þeudō.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθiu̯.ði.jɑz/

Adjective

*þiudijaz

good, kind
friendly

Inflection

Declension of *þiudijaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þiudijaz	*þiudijō	*þiudiją, -atō	*þiudijai	*þiudijôz	*þiudijō
accusative	*þiudijanǭ	*þiudijǭ	*þiudiją, -atō	*þiudijanz	*þiudijōz	*þiudijō
genitive	*þiudijas, -īs	*þiudijaizōz	*þiudijas, -īs	*þiudijaizǫ̂	*þiudijaizǫ̂	*þiudijaizǫ̂
dative	*þiudijammai	*þiudijaizōi	*þiudijammai	*þiudijaimaz	*þiudijaimaz	*þiudijaimaz
instrumental	*þiudijanō	*þiudijaizō	*þiudijanō	*þiudijaimiz	*þiudijaimiz	*þiudijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þiudijô	*þiudijǭ	*þiudijô	*þiudijaniz	*þiudijōniz	*þiudijōnō
accusative	*þiudijanų	*þiudijōnų	*þiudijô	*þiudijanunz	*þiudijōnunz	*þiudijōnō
genitive	*þiudīniz	*þiudijōniz	*þiudīniz	*þiudijanǫ̂	*þiudijōnǫ̂	*þiudijanǫ̂
dative	*þiudīni	*þiudijōni	*þiudīni	*þiudijammaz	*þiudijōmaz	*þiudijammaz
instrumental	*þiudīnē	*þiudijōnē	*þiudīnē	*þiudijammiz	*þiudijōmiz	*þiudijammiz

Alternative reconstructions

*þiuþaz^[3] (On account of the lack of umlaut and second þ in Gothic þiuþ n (“the good”))

Derived terms

*þiud-
- Proto-West Germanic: *þiod-
  - Old English: þēod-
- Old Norse: þjóð-
  - Icelandic: þjóð-

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þiodī
- Old English: *þīede
  - ⇒ Old English: ġeþīede
Old Norse: þýðr
- Icelandic: þýður
- Faroese: týður
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tyd
- Norwegian Bokmål: ty
- Old Swedish: thydhin
Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*þiuþs)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þiuþjan)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (þiuþiqiss)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þeudja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 539
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*þeuđjaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 423
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “*þeuþa- ‘gut, freundlich, vertraut’”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þeudja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 539

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*þeuđjaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 423

[3] Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “*þeuþa- ‘gut, freundlich, vertraut’”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

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