Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/vaha

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From earlier *wakša, probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *wahsą.[1] Borrowing from Proto-Baltic *vaškas (whence Latvian vasks, Lithuanian vaškas) is considered less likely. The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words are probably related, but may derive from a substrate; the Finnic word may then, too.

Noun

*vaha[2]

  1. wax

Inflection

Inflection of *vaha
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *vaha *vahat
accusative *vahan *vahat
genitive *vahan *vahadën
*vahoidën
partitive *vahada *vahoida
inessive *vahassa
*vahahna 		*vahoissa
*vahoihna
elative *vahasta *vahoista
illative *vahahën *vahoihën
adessive *vahalla *vahoilla
ablative *vahalta *vahoilta
allative *vahalën
*vahalëk 		*vahoilën
*vahoilëk
essive *vahana *vahoina
translative *vahaksi *vahoiksi
instructive *vahan *vahoin
comitative *vahanëk *vahoinëk
abessive *vahatta *vahoitta

Descendants

  • Estonian: vaha
  • Finnish: vaha
  • Ingrian: vaha
  • Karelian:
    • North Karelian: vaha
    • South Karelian: vaha
  • Livonian: vǭ’
  • Livvi: vaha
  • Ludian: vaha
  • Veps: vaha
  • Võro: vaha
  • Votic: vaha

References

  1. ^ Kallio, Petri, Niklas Metsäranta, and Terhi Honkola. 2025. "The Language-Contact Landscape in the Baltics During the First Millennium BC". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 2025 (70): 27–80.[1]
  2. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*vaha”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)

Further reading

  • “vaha”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  • Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “vaha”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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