Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/satadak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Uralic *śada- (“to rain”), possibly borrowed from Indo-Iranian.[1]
Verb
*satadak (stem *sata-)[2]
- to fall, to drop (from height)
- to precipitate (i.e. fall from the sky), to rain, to snow
Usage notes
When used impersonally, the implied meaning would have been "it is raining". The type of precipitation was specified, if necessary, with the noun in the partitive: *satabi vettä (“it's raining water/actual rain”), *satabi lunta (“it's snowing”), *satabi rakëhita (“it's hailing”).
Inflection
Inflection of *satadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *sadan | *sadoin | — | *satagon |
| 2nd sing. | *sadat | *sadoit | *sadak | *satagos |
| 3rd sing. | *satabi *sata |
*satoi | *satagasën | *satagosën |
| 1st plur. | *sadakma | *satoima | *satagatëma | *satagotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *sadakta | *satoida | *satagata | *satagotta |
| 3rd plur. | *satabat *sata |
*satoi | *satagasën | *satagosën |
| passive | *sadaksën *sadat'aksën |
*satadisën *sadattisën |
*satadakahën *sadattakahën |
*satadakohën *sadattakohën |
| connegative | *sadak | — | *satagak | *satagok |
| passive connegative | *sadaktak | — | *satadagak *sadattagak |
*satadagok *sadattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *sadakcin | *satoicin | *satanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *sadakcit | *satoicit | *satanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *sadakci | *satoici | *satani | |
| 1st plur. | *sadakcima | *satoicima | *satanëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *sadakcita | *satoicita | *satanëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *sadakci | *satoici | *satani | |
| passive | *satadakcihën *sadat'akcihën |
*satadicihën *sadatticihën |
*satadanëhën *sadattanëhën | |
| connegative | *sadakcik | *satoicik | *satanëk | |
| passive connegative | *satadakcik *sadat'akcik |
*satadicik *sadatticik |
*satadanëk *sadattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *satadak | present | *sataba | *satadapa *sadattapa |
| infinitive 2 | *satadë- | past | *satanut | *satadu *sadattu |
| gerund/supine | *satama | negative | *satamat'oin | |
| action noun | *sataminën | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: sadama/sadada
- Finnish: sataa
- Ingrian: sattaa
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: šatoa
- South Karelian: satoa
- Livonian: sa’ddõ, (Salaca) sad, sadd
- Veps: sadada
- Võro: sadama/sataq
- Votic: satta
Etymology 2
From Proto-Uralic *čača- (“to grow”).
Verb
*satadak (stem *sata-)
Inflection
Inflection of *satadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *sadan | *sadoin | — | *satagon |
| 2nd sing. | *sadat | *sadoit | *sadak | *satagos |
| 3rd sing. | *satabi *sata |
*satoi | *satagasën | *satagosën |
| 1st plur. | *sadakma | *satoima | *satagatëma | *satagotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *sadakta | *satoida | *satagata | *satagotta |
| 3rd plur. | *satabat *sata |
*satoi | *satagasën | *satagosën |
| passive | *sadaksën *sadat'aksën |
*satadisën *sadattisën |
*satadakahën *sadattakahën |
*satadakohën *sadattakohën |
| connegative | *sadak | — | *satagak | *satagok |
| passive connegative | *sadaktak | — | *satadagak *sadattagak |
*satadagok *sadattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *sadakcin | *satoicin | *satanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *sadakcit | *satoicit | *satanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *sadakci | *satoici | *satani | |
| 1st plur. | *sadakcima | *satoicima | *satanëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *sadakcita | *satoicita | *satanëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *sadakci | *satoici | *satani | |
| passive | *satadakcihën *sadat'akcihën |
*satadicihën *sadatticihën |
*satadanëhën *sadattanëhën | |
| connegative | *sadakcik | *satoicik | *satanëk | |
| passive connegative | *satadakcik *sadat'akcik |
*satadicik *sadatticik |
*satadanëk *sadattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *satadak | present | *sataba | *satadapa *sadattapa |
| infinitive 2 | *satadë- | past | *satanut | *satadu *sadattu |
| gerund/supine | *satama | negative | *satamat'oin | |
| action noun | *sataminën | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Finnish: (dialectal) sataa
References
- ^ Santeri Junttila, Petri Kallio, Sampsa Holopainen, Juha Kuokkala, Juho Pystynen, editors (2020–), “sataa”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 4 August 2025
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*sata-”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary][2] (in Finnish)
Further reading
- Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “sataa”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN