Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hap'oin

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From earlier *šappojmi, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa(-ma), possibly borrowed from a substrate language. Earlier compared also with Hungarian savanyú, but such a comparison has to be rejected for phonological reasons.[1]

Adjective

*hap'oin[2]

  1. sour, acidic

Inflection

The vowel stem was most likely *happama- (in contrast to the consonant stem *hap'oin-). No (modern) Finnic language has kept this variation, but it was still present in Old Literary Finnish, where hapoin ~ happaman (nominative ~ genitive) is attested. Instead, either of the two stems has been levelled in the descendants: the vowel stem (to *hap'an- : *happama-/*happamë-) in Northern Finnic, and the consonant stem (to *hap'oin- : *happoi(në)-) elsewhere.

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Estonian: hapu
  • Finnish: hapan, (obsolete) hapoin, hapoinen
  • Ingrian: hapan
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian: appõn, (Salaca) app
  • Livvi: hapain- (only in compounds, e.g. hapainmaido)
  • Ludian: hapan- (only in compounds, e.g. hapanmaid)
  • Veps: hapan- (only in compounds, e.g. hapanmaid)
  • Võro: hapu
  • Votic: (Kattila) apoo

References

  1. ^ Santeri Junttila, Petri Kallio, Sampsa Holopainen, Juha Kuokkala, Juho Pystynen, editors (2020–), “hapan”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 4 August 2025
  2. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*hap̆poin”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)
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