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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
*uɸo- + *reteti; the meaning "to help" appears to be a semantic loan from Latin succurrō.
Verb
*uɸoreteti
- to help
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸoretū
|
*uɸoretemam
|
?
|
*uɸorāta
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸoretesi
|
*uɸoretetās
|
?
|
*uɸorātas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸoreteti
|
*uɸoreteto
|
?
|
*uɸorāte
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸoretomosi
|
*uɸoretemo
|
?
|
*uɸorātmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸoretetesi
|
*uɸoretestē
|
?
|
*uɸorāsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸoretonti
|
*uɸoretento
|
?
|
*uɸorātars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸoretsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸoretsesi
|
?
|
*uɸorete
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸoretseti
|
?
|
*uɸoretetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸoretsomosi
|
?
|
*uɸoretomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸoretsetesi
|
?
|
*uɸoretete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸoretsonti
|
?
|
*uɸoretontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸoretūr
|
—
|
?
|
*uɸorātra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸoretetar
|
—
|
?
|
*uɸorātras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸoretetor
|
?
|
?
|
*uɸorātre
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸoretommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸoretedwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸoretontor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸoretsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸoretsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸoretsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸoretsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸoretsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸoretsontor
|
—
|
—
|
Declension of the present participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretonts
|
*uɸoretonte
|
*uɸoretontes
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretonts
|
*uɸoretonte
|
*uɸoretontes
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretontam
|
*uɸoretonte
|
*uɸoretontans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretantos
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretantei
|
*uɸoretantbom
|
*uɸoretantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸoretantī?
|
*uɸoretantbim
|
*uɸoretantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretantī
|
*uɸoretantī
|
*uɸoretantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretantī
|
*uɸoretantī
|
*uɸoretantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretantīm
|
*uɸoretantī
|
*uɸoretantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretantyās
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantyom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretantyāi
|
*uɸoretantyābom
|
*uɸoretantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantyābim
|
*uɸoretantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretont
|
*?
|
*uɸoretonta
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretont
|
*?
|
*uɸoretonta
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretont
|
*?
|
*uɸoretonta
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretantos
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretantei
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸoretantī?
|
*?
|
*uɸoretantbis
|
Declension of the middle participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretomnos
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretomne
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnons
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretomnī
|
*uɸoretomnous
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretomnūi
|
*uɸoretomnobom
|
*uɸoretomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸoretomnū
|
*uɸoretomnobim
|
*uɸoretomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretomnā
|
*uɸoretomnai
|
*uɸoretomnās
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretomnā
|
*uɸoretomnai
|
*uɸoretomnās
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretomnam
|
*uɸoretomnai
|
*uɸoretomnans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretomnās
|
*uɸoretomnous
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretomnai
|
*uɸoretomnābom
|
*uɸoretomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*uɸoretomnābim
|
*uɸoretomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnā
|
| vocative
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnā
|
| accusative
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
*uɸoretomnou
|
*uɸoretomnā
|
| genitive
|
*uɸoretomnī
|
*uɸoretomnous
|
*uɸoretomnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸoretomnūi
|
*uɸoretomnobom
|
*uɸoretomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸoretomnū
|
*uɸoretomnobim
|
*uɸoretomnobis
|
Derived terms
- *uɸo-r(V)ts (compound root noun)[1]
- Old Irish: cobair (< *kom-uɸo-rVts)
- Middle Irish: tóir (< *to-uɸo-rVts)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwarėdɨd
- Old Welsh: guorit (3sg present), guoraut (3sg preterite)
- Middle Welsh: gwaret (“deliverance, salvation”)
- Middle Cornish: gueres
- Old Breton: guoret
- Old Irish: fo·reith
References
- ^ Stüber, Karin (2015), Die Verbalabstrakta des Altirischen (in German), page 494