Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dringeti
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Disputed
- According to the LIV, the term was perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-né-gʰ-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ- (“to hold, fasten”), whence also Ancient Greek δράσσομαι (drássomai, “to grasp, clutch”).[1] Matasović supports a derivation from the same root.[2]
- According to Kroonen, the term derives from *dʰréngʰ-e-ti, from *dʰrengʰ-, whence also Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“staff, crutch”).[3]
Verb
*dringeti[2]
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *dringū | *dringemam | *didrixsū | *dedroga |
| 2nd singular | *dringesi | *dringetās | *didrixsesi | *dedrogas? |
| 3rd singular | *dringeti | *dringeto | *didrixseti | *dedroge |
| 1st plural | *dringomosi | *dringemo | *didrixsomosi | *dedrogmo |
| 2nd plural | *dringetesi | *dringestē | *didrixsetesi | *dedroxte |
| 3rd plural | *dringonti | *dringento | *didrixsonti | *dedrogars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *drexsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *drexsesi | ? | *dringe | |
| 3rd singular | *drexseti | ? | *dringetou | |
| 1st plural | *drexsomosi | ? | *dringomos | |
| 2nd plural | *drexsetesi | ? | *dringete | |
| 3rd plural | *drexsonti | ? | *dringontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *dringūr | — | *didrixsūr | *dedrogra |
| 2nd singular | *dringetar | — | *didrixsetar | *dedrogras? |
| 3rd singular | *dringetor | ? | *didrixsetor | *dedrogre |
| 1st plural | *dringommor | — | *didrixsommor | ? |
| 2nd plural | *dringedwe | — | *didrixsedwe | ? |
| 3rd plural | *dringontor | ? | *didrixsontor | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *drexsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *drexsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *drexsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *drexsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *drexsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *drexsontor | — | — | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *dringonts | *dringonte | *dringontes |
| vocative | *dringonts | *dringonte | *dringontes |
| accusative | *dringontam | *dringonte | *dringontans |
| genitive | *dringantos | *? | *dringantom |
| dative | *dringantei | *dringantbom | *dringantbos |
| instrumental | *dringantī? | *dringantbim | *dringantbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dringantī | *dringantī | *dringantiyās |
| vocative | *dringantī | *dringantī | *dringantiyās |
| accusative | *dringantīm | *dringantī | *dringantiyans |
| genitive | *dringantyās | *? | *dringantyom |
| dative | *dringantyāi | *dringantyābom | *dringantyābos |
| instrumental | *? | *dringantyābim | *dringantyābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dringont | *? | *dringonta |
| vocative | *dringont | *? | *dringonta |
| accusative | *dringont | *? | *dringonta |
| genitive | *dringantos | *? | *dringantom |
| dative | *dringantei | *? | *dringantbos |
| instrumental | *dringantī? | *? | *dringantbis |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *dringomnos | *dringomnou | *dringomnoi |
| vocative | *dringomne | *dringomnou | *dringomnoi |
| accusative | *dringomnom | *dringomnou | *dringomnons |
| genitive | *dringomnī | *dringomnous | *dringomnom |
| dative | *dringomnūi | *dringomnobom | *dringomnobos |
| instrumental | *dringomnū | *dringomnobim | *dringomnobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dringomnā | *dringomnai | *dringomnās |
| vocative | *dringomnā | *dringomnai | *dringomnās |
| accusative | *dringomnam | *dringomnai | *dringomnans |
| genitive | *dringomnās | *dringomnous | *dringomnom |
| dative | *dringomnai | *dringomnābom | *dringomnābos |
| instrumental | *? | *dringomnābim | *dringomnābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dringomnom | *dringomnou | *dringomnā |
| vocative | *dringomnom | *dringomnou | *dringomnā |
| accusative | *dringomnom | *dringomnou | *dringomnā |
| genitive | *dringomnī | *dringomnous | *dringomnom |
| dative | *dringomnūi | *dringomnobom | *dringomnobos |
| instrumental | *dringomnū | *dringomnobim | *dringomnobis |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *drixtos | *drixtou | *drixtoi |
| vocative | *drixte | *drixtou | *drixtoi |
| accusative | *drixtom | *drixtou | *drixtons |
| genitive | *drixtī | *drixtous | *drixtom |
| dative | *drixtūi | *drixtobom | *drixtobos |
| instrumental | *drixtū | *drixtobim | *drixtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *drixtā | *drixtai | *drixtās |
| vocative | *drixtā | *drixtai | *drixtās |
| accusative | *drixtam | *drixtai | *drixtans |
| genitive | *drixtās | *drixtous | *drixtom |
| dative | *drixtai | *drixtābom | *drixtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *drixtābim | *drixtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *drixtom | *drixtou | *drixtā |
| vocative | *drixtom | *drixtou | *drixtā |
| accusative | *drixtom | *drixtou | *drixtā |
| genitive | *drixtī | *drixtous | *drixtom |
| dative | *drixtūi | *drixtobom | *drixtobos |
| instrumental | *drixtū | *drixtobim | *drixtobis |
Descendants
- Old Irish: dringid
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dregʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 126
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*dri-n-g-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 105
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dranga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 99-100