-ilis

From Proto-Italic *-elis, from Proto-Indo-European *-elis, probably from *-lós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (“-le”, adjective-forming suffix).

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ɪ.lɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [i.lis] (stressed on the antepenult)

-ilis (neuter -ile, comparative -ilior, superlative -illimus or -ilissimus); third-declension two-termination suffix

2. -ile; forms adjectives of relation, frequently passive, to verbs.
   1. -able/-ible; forms passive adjectives meaning "prone to be/able to be" the object or target of the base verb

      Synonym: -bilis

      ‎sedeō (“to sit”) + ‎-ilis → ‎sessilis (“able to be seated upon, suited for sitting”)

      ‎agō (“to drive; to do, act”) + ‎-ilis → ‎agilis (“that may be moved”)

   2. -ing; forms adjectives meaning "acting, prone to acting, having the power to act" in a certain way

      Synonym: -ns

      ‎lābor (“to slip, glide”) + ‎-ilis → ‎lābilis (“prone to slipping, slipping”)

      ‎volō (“to fly”) + ‎-ilis → ‎volātilis (“flying, capable of flight, winged; swift; fleeting”)

      ‎agō (“to drive; to do, act”) + ‎-ilis → ‎agilis (“that may move easily; nimble”)

   3. -ed; forms passive adjectives indicating the state resulting from an action or process

      Synonym: -tus

      ‎suō (“to sew”) + ‎-ilis → ‎sūtilis (“sewed, bound or fastened together”)

      ‎sculpō (“to sculpt”) + ‎-ilis → ‎sculptilis (“made by sculpting, sculpted”)

      ‎fodiō (“to dig”) + ‎-ilis → ‎fossilis (“dug up, dug out”)

4. (rare) used to form an adjective from a noun or adjective stem, sometimes with passive meaning

   ‎humus (“ground, earth”) + ‎-ilis → ‎humilis (“lowly, humble”)

   ‎pār, par- (“even, equal”) + ‎-ilis → ‎parilis (“equal, like”)

   ‎herba (“grass”) + ‎-ilis → ‎herbilis (“fed on grass”)

Either appended to the root or the supine stem of the verb.

• ‎frangō (fract-) (“to break”) + ‎-ilis → ‎fragilis (“that may easily be broken”)
• ‎fingō (fict-) (“to shape, mold, craft by hand”) + ‎-ilis → ‎fictilis (“made of clay”)

Forms with passive sense can be derived not only from transitive verbs, such as frangō, but also from intransitive verbs, such as sedeō. Some adjectives built with this suffix have both passive and active senses, such as agilis.

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

Originally from the above -ilis added to i stems, later used freely.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈiː.lɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈiː.lis]

-īlis (neuter -īle); third-declension two-termination suffix

2. -ile; used to form adjectives, usually from nouns, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.

   Synonyms: -ānus, -ālis, -icus

   ‎aedis (“building”) + ‎-ilis → ‎aedīlis (“of buildings”) (attested as substantive)

   ‎hostis (“enemy”) + ‎-ilis → ‎hostīlis (“of the enemy, unfriendly, hostile”)

   ‎puer (“boy”) + ‎-ilis → ‎puerīlis (“of boys, boyish, immature”)

   ‎erus (“master”) + ‎-ilis → ‎erīlis (“of the master”)

Third-declension two-termination adjective.