๐๐๐ข๐บ
Ashokan Prakrit
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit เคถเคเฅเคทเฅเคฏเคคเคฟ (ลakแนฃyati), from เคถเคเฅ (ลak, โto be ableโ).[1][2] Cognate with Pali sagghati.[3]
While the expected outcome is *๐๐๐ข๐บ (*cakhati /โ cakkhatiโ /), voicing of consonant clusters appears to have been a (eastern[4]) dialectal feature that has been adopted widely in some cases, e.g. ๐ ๐ (aแธha /โ aแธแธhaโ /, โeightโ) from Sanskrit เค เคทเฅเค (aแนฃแนญa).
Earlier literature was unable to reconcile the voicing, and looked for explanations in Sanskrit เคเคเฅเคทเฅ (cakแนฃ, โto seeโ) and the (spurious?) root เคเคฐเฅเคเฅ (cargh, โto goโ)[5][6] only listed in Wilson's Sanskrit dictionary. Chatterji sought to tie this term to the New Indo-Aryan terms meaning "want" or modal "should", listed under Prakrit ๐๐ธ๐ณ๐ (cฤhaรฏ).[7] Given modern scholarship, all this appears unlikely.
Verb
๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati /cagghati/)
- to be able to
- c. 237 BCE, Aลoka, Major Pillar Edict 4, Delhi-Topra:
- ๐
๐ฃ๐ธ ๐ณ๐บ ๐ง๐๐ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฌ๐ข๐ธ๐ฌ๐ ๐ฅ๐ธ๐ข๐บ๐ฌ๐ ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฒ๐บ๐๐บ๐ข๐ผ ๐
๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐ฃ๐ ๐ณ๐๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ธ๐ข๐บ ๐๐๐ข๐บ ๐ซ๐ ๐ง๐๐ ๐ฒ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ง๐ฎ๐บ๐ณ๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ณ๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ซ๐ซ๐ธ ๐ฎ๐๐ฝ๐๐ธ ๐๐๐ธ ๐๐ธ๐ฆ๐ง๐ค๐ฒ ๐ณ๐บ๐ข๐ฒ๐ผ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐
- athฤ hi pajaแน viyatฤye dhฤtiye nisijitu asvathe hoti viyata dhฤti caghati me pajaแน sukhaแน palihaแนญave hevaแน mamฤ lajลซkฤ kaแนญฤ jฤnapadasa hitasukhฤye
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- ๐
๐ฃ๐ธ ๐ณ๐บ ๐ง๐๐ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฌ๐ข๐ธ๐ฌ๐ ๐ฅ๐ธ๐ข๐บ๐ฌ๐ ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฒ๐บ๐๐บ๐ข๐ผ ๐
๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐ฃ๐ ๐ณ๐๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐บ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ธ๐ข๐บ ๐๐๐ข๐บ ๐ซ๐ ๐ง๐๐ ๐ฒ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ง๐ฎ๐บ๐ณ๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ณ๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ซ๐ซ๐ธ ๐ฎ๐๐ฝ๐๐ธ ๐๐๐ธ ๐๐ธ๐ฆ๐ง๐ค๐ฒ ๐ณ๐บ๐ข๐ฒ๐ผ๐๐ธ๐ฌ๐
Conjugation
| Personal forms of ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| present | โ | ๐๐๐ฃ caghatha |
๐๐๐ข๐บ caghati |
โ | โ | ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ caghaแนti |
| imperative | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| potential | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| imperfect | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| aorist | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| future | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
Alternative forms
Attested at Delhi-Meerut, Delhi-Topra, Dhauli, Jaugada, Lauriya-Araraj, Lauriya-Nandangarh and Rampurva.
| Dialectal forms of ๐๐๐ข๐บ (โto be ableโ) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Lemmas | Forms |
| Central | Delhi-Topra | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ข๐บ 3sg.pres (caghati), ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ 3pl.pres (caghaแนti) |
| Delhi-Meerut | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ 3pl.pres (caghaแนti) | |
| Rampurva | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ข๐บ 3sg.pres (caghati), ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ 3pl.pres (caghaแนti) | |
| Lauriya-Nandangarh | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ข๐บ 3sg.pres (caghati), ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ 3pl.pres (caghaแนti) | |
| Lauriya-Araraj | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ข๐บ 3sg.pres (caghati), ๐๐๐๐ข๐บ 3pl.pres (caghaแนti) | |
| East | Dhauli | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ฃ 2sg.pres (caghatha) |
| Jaugada | ๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) | ๐๐๐ฃ 2sg.pres (caghatha) | |
| Map of dialectal forms of ๐๐๐ข๐บ (โto be ableโ) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
๐๐๐ข๐บ (caghati) (11) | ||
References
- ^ George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, editors (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Routledge, โISBN, page 197
- ^ Bryan Levman (2010), โAลokan Phonology and the Language of the Earliest Buddhist Traditionโ, in Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studiesโ[1], pages 57-86
- ^ Pali Text Society (1921โ1925), โsakkotiโ, in Pali-English Dictionaryโ, London: Chipstead
- ^ Thomas Oberlies (2001), Pฤli: A Grammar of the Language of the Theravฤda Tipiแนญaka (Indian philology and South Asian studies; 3), Walter de Gruyter, โISBN, page 103
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969โ1985), โ*CAGHโ, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
- ^ G. A. Grierson (1890), โNotes on Pรขli and Prรขkritโ, in The Academy, volume 38
- ^ Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926), The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press