𑀓𑁂𑀭

Prakrit

Alternative forms

-𑀓𑁂𑀭 (-kera) — as a suffix
𑀓𑁂𑀭𑀬 (keraya) — with -𑀬- (-ya-)
𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀬 (kāriya) — whence descendants with -ā̆-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-

Proto-Indo-European *kʷór-yo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ryas

Sanskrit का॒र्य॑ (kāryà)?

Prakrit 𑀓𑁂𑀭

Probably grammaticalized from Sanskrit कार्य (kārya, “effect, end, aim”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ryas (“to be done”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷór-yo-s, from the root *kʷer- (“to do, make”)), through metathesis of -āry- > -āyr- > -er-.^[1] Doublet of 𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚 (kajja).

Adjective

𑀓𑁂𑀭 (kera) (Devanagari केर, Kannada ಕೇರ) (attested in Śaurasenī, Māhārāṣṭrī, Māgadhī) ^[2]

a suffix appended to nouns and particularly to pronouns to indicate possession
Sauraseni ‎𑀫𑀫 (mama, “of me”, genitive of 𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ)) + ‎𑀓𑁂𑀭 (kera) → ‎𑀫𑀫𑀓𑁂𑀭 (mamakera, “my, concerning me”)

Descendants

In many descendants, the -k- is lost since this word was considered to be fused with the preceding noun/pronoun, in which case the -k- was intervocalic and regularly lenited and, eventually, deleted. Descendants with -ā̆- are from the non-metathesized (possible semi-learned) variant in 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀬 (kāriya).

Applied to all nouns

Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Maithili: केर (kēr)
- Bengali: -এর (-er)
- Assamese: -অৰ (-or)
- Odia: -ର (-ra)
Central Indo-Aryan:
- Old Awadhi: केर (kera), के (ke)
- Old Hindi: कर (kara), केरा (kerā), केरी (kerī)^[3] (indicating genitive of possession)
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: का m (kā)
    - Urdu: کا m (kā)
Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Nepali: को (ko)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Old Gujarati: केर (kera), केरउं (keraüṃ)
  - Gujarati: કેરું (kerũ)
- Romani: -qero

Applied only to pronouns

⇒ Apabhramsa: मेर (mera, 1sg.gen), महारिय (mahāriya)
- Nepali: मेरो (mero)
- Old Hindi: मेरा (merā)
  - Hindustani: (“my”)
    Hindi: मेरा (merā), मिरा (mirā) — poetic
    Urdu: میرا (merā), مِرا (mirā) — poetic
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਮੇਰਾ (merā), ਮੈਡਾ (maiḍā), ਮੈਂਡਾ (maiṇḍā) — dialectal
  Shahmukhi script: میرا (merā), مینڈا (maiḍā), میڈا (maiṇḍā) — dialectal
- Romani: miro
⇒ Apabhramsa: महारिय (mahāriya, 1sg.gen), मेर (mera)
- Old Gujarati: महारउं (mahāraüṃ)
  - Gujarati: મારું (mārũ, “my”)
⇒ Apabhramsa: अम्हार (amhāra, 1pl.gen)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Assamese: আমাৰ (amar)
  - Bengali: আমার (amar), আমাদের (amader)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Eastern Hindi:
    - Awadhi: हमार (hamār)
  - Western Hindi:
    - Braj: हमारौ (hamārau)
    - Hindustani: hamārā
      Hindi: हमारा
      Urdu: ہَمارا
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Nepali: हाम्रो (hāmro)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Template loop detected: Template:desctree
  - Romani: amaro
⇒ Apabhramsa: तुहर (tuhara, 2sg.gen)
- Old Gujarati: तुहारउं (tuhāraüṃ)
  - Gujarati: તારું (tārũ)
⇒ Apabhramsa: तुम्हार (tumhāra, 2sg.gen), तुहार (tuhāra)
- Old Gujarati: तुम्हारउं (tumhāraüṃ)
  - Gujarati: તમારું (tamārũ)
- Old Hindi: तुम्हारा (tumhārā)
  - Hindi: तुम्हारा (tumhārā)
- Nepali: तिम्रो (timro)
- Romani: tumaro

References

^ Hercus, Luise (1991), Collected articles of LA Schwarzschild on Indo-Aryan 1953-1979, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 12-14
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “kāryà”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
^ Jaroslav Strnad (2013), Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī : Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems From Rājasthān (Brill's Indological Library; 45), Leiden, →OCLC, page 326

[1] Hercus, Luise (1991), Collected articles of LA Schwarzschild on Indo-Aryan 1953-1979, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 12-14

[2] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “kāryà”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[3] Jaroslav Strnad (2013), Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī : Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems From Rājasthān (Brill's Indological Library; 45), Leiden, →OCLC, page 326

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