𑀓𑀅

Prakrit

Alternative forms

𑀓𑀬 (kaya) — Ardhamāgadhī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, hiatus-filler
𑀓𑀢 (kata) — Paiśācī
𑀓𑀤 (kada), 𑀓𑀺𑀤 (kida) — Māgadhī, Śaurasenī
𑀓𑀟 (kaḍa) — Ardhamāgadhī, Māgadhī
𑀓𑀴 (kaḷa) — Māgadhī

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥tás

Sanskrit कृ॒त (kṛtá)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀢 (kata)

Prakrit 𑀓𑀅

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀢 (kata), from Sanskrit कृ॒त (kṛtá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥tás (“done”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-tó-s, from *kʷer- + *-tós. Cognate with Pali kata.

Adjective

𑀓𑀅 (kaa) (Devanagari कअ, Kannada ಕಅ) (attested in Māhārāṣṭrī)

done, made

Verb

𑀓𑀅 (kaa)

past participle of 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (karei)

Descendants

Inherited

Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Kumaoni: कयो (kayo)
⇒ Prakrit: 𑀓𑀅𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀅 (kaallaa), 𑀓𑀏𑀮𑁆𑀮 (kaĕlla)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Sindhi: कएल, कइअल
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Konkani: केलो (kelo, perfective), केल्लो (kello, adjective)
  - Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘹𑘩𑘹𑘽 (keleṃ)
    - Marathi: केले (kele)

From 𑀓𑀺𑀤 (kida), *𑀓𑀺𑀅 (*kia)

Apabhramsa: किअ (kia)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: किया (kiyā)
    - Urdu: کِیا (kiyā)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Odia: କିଆ (kiā)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabic:
    - >? Punjabi: ਕੀਤਾ (kītā)

From 𑀓𑀟 (kaḍa), 𑀓𑀴 (kaḷa), or other retroflexed forms

Insular Indo-Aryan:
- Sinhalese: කළා (kaḷā)
- Dhivehi: ކުޅަ (kuḷa)

References

E.B. Cowell (1868), The Prákṛit Prakáśa‎^[1], London: Trübner & Co., page 111
Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957), Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 161
Woolner, Alfred Cooper, An Introduction to Prakrit‎, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1917, page 48.
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “karṓti”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press