Egyptian
Etymology
Considering hypotheses connecting Egyptian ⟨ꜥ⟩ to /d/, compare Proto-Afroasiatic *dâr- (“to increase”), Arabic دَرَّ (darra, “to be abundant, plentiful”), and Old South Arabian 𐩵𐩧𐩧 (drr, “abundance, harvest”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʕiˈʀij/ → /ʕiˈʀij/ → /ʕaˈjej/ → /ʕaˈjej/
Verb
3ae inf.
- (intransitive) to be(come) physically big, large
- (intransitive) to be(come) much, numerous, many in number or great in quantity
- (intransitive, of abstract things) to be(come) great in degree or magnitude, strong, extreme
- (intransitive, of age) to be(come) high, great
- (intransitive, of strength and power) to be(come) strong, great, mighty
- (intransitive, of magic, protection, etc.) to be(come) strong, effective, great
- (intransitive, of time) to be(come) long
- (intransitive, of people, gods, etc.) to be(come) older, senior, the elder among several
- 12th Dynasty, Stela of Nakhti, British Museum EA 143:
- wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ […]
- Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the elder god […]
- (intransitive, of people, names, etc.) to be(come) great, important, distinguished, exalted
- (intransitive, of people) to be(come) superior, in charge
- (intransitive, of crimes) to be(come) grave, severe
- (intransitive, of words and decrees) to be(come) heavy, weighty, important
- (intransitive, of the Nile) to be(come) high, swollen with floodwater, to be in inundation
- (intransitive, of festivals and funerals) to be(come) great, magnificent
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥꜣj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜥꜣ, geminated stem: ꜥꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜥꜣt, ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣw, ꜥꜣ
|
ꜥꜣt, ꜥꜣwt, ꜥꜣyt
|
ꜥꜣ
|
ꜥꜣ, ꜥꜣy
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜥꜣ8, ꜥꜣꜣ8
|
ḥr ꜥꜣt, ḥr ꜥꜣj
|
m ꜥꜣt, m ꜥꜣj
|
r ꜥꜣt, r ꜥꜣj
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
ꜥꜣ.n
|
consecutive
|
ꜥꜣ.jn
|
| terminative
|
ꜥꜣt, ꜥꜣyt
|
| perfective3
|
ꜥꜣ
|
obligative1
|
ꜥꜣ.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥꜣ, ꜥꜣy
|
| prospective3
|
ꜥꜣw, ꜥꜣ, ꜥꜣy
|
potentialis1
|
ꜥꜣ.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
ꜥꜣ, ꜥꜣy
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ꜥꜣ.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ꜥꜣw1, ꜥꜣy, ꜥꜣ
|
ꜥꜣ
|
ꜥꜣy, ꜥꜣ
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥꜣꜣ, ꜥꜣꜣy, ꜥꜣꜣw5
|
ꜥꜣꜣ, ꜥꜣꜣj6, ꜥꜣꜣy6
|
ꜥꜣꜣ, ꜥꜣꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
ꜥꜣw1, ꜥꜣy, ꜥꜣ, ꜥꜣtj7
|
ꜥꜣwtj1 4, ꜥꜣtj4, ꜥꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣj
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
ꜥꜣj
|
| [Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle and New Kingdoms]
|
Synonyms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic Egyptian: ꜥꜣ
- ⇒ Akhmimic Coptic: (from the imperative?) ⲁⲓⲉⲩⲉ (aieue), ⲁⲉⲓⲉⲩⲧⲉ (aeieute)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲓⲁⲓ (aiai)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲓⲉⲓ (aiei)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲓⲁⲓ (aiai)
References
- “ꜥꜣi̯ (lemma ID 34750)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 161.3–162.17
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 37
- James P[eter] Allen (2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 457.