閊える

Japanese

Kanji in this term
閊
つか Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative forms

支える

Etymology

From older 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) verb form 閊う (tsukau),^[1]^[2] itself formed from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) つか (tsuka) of root verb つく (tsuku, “to stick”) + 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) ふ (fu, modern -u; indicates repetition or ongoing state).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つかえる [tsùkáéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 閊える

Plain	閊える	つかえる	`[tsùkáéꜜrù]`
Conjunctive	閊えて	つかえて	`[tsùkáꜜètè]`
Perfective	閊えた	つかえた	`[tsùkáꜜètà]`
Negative	閊えない	つかえない	`[tsùkáéꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	閊えなかった	つかえなかった	`[tsùkáéꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	閊えれば	つかえれば	`[tsùkáéꜜrèbà]`
Past conditional	閊えたら	つかえたら	`[tsùkáꜜètàrà]`
Imperative	閊えろ閊えよ	つかえろつかえよ	`[tsùkáéꜜrò]` `[tsùkáéꜜyò]`
Volitional	閊えよう	つかえよー	`[tsùkáéyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	閊えたい	つかえたい	`[tsùkáétáꜜì]`
Formal	閊えます	つかえます	`[tsùkáémáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	閊えません	つかえません	`[tsùkáémáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	閊えましょう	つかえましょー	`[tsùkáémáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	閊えました	つかえました	`[tsùkáémáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	閊え閊えに	つかえつかえに	`[tsùkáꜜè]` `[tsùkáꜜè nì]`
Negative continuative	閊えず閊えずに	つかえずつかえずに	`[tsùkáéꜜzù]` `[tsùkáéꜜzù nì]`
Passive	閊えられる	つかえられる	`[tsùkáéráréꜜrù]`
Causative	閊えさせる閊えさす	つかえさせるつかえさす	`[tsùkáésáséꜜrù]` `[tsùkáésáꜜsù]`
Potential	閊えられる閊えれる	つかえられるつかえれる	`[tsùkáéráréꜜrù]` `[tsùkáéréꜜrù]`

Verb

閊(つか)える • (tsukaeru) ^{←つかへる (tukaferu)^?}transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 閊(つか)え (tsukae), past 閊(つか)えた (tsukaeta))

(intransitive) to get stuck
1. to get jammed
  引(ひ)っ越(こ)しているところ、家具(かぐ)がドアで閊(つか)えてビルに入(はい)らなかった。
  Hikkoshite iru tokoro, kagu ga doa de tsukaete biru ni hairanakatta.
  As we were moving, some furniture got stuck in the door and wouldn't go into the building.
2. to become clogged
  下水管(げすいかん)が閊(つか)えて汚水(おすい)が溢(あふ)れてしまった。
  Gesuikan ga tsukaete osui ga afurete shimatta.
  The sewer pipe got clogged and sewage overflowed.
3. to get choked up, to feel pressure from anxiety or other strong emotion, such as in one's chest or throat
  胸(むね)が閊(つか)える、喉(のど)が閊(つか)える
  mune ga tsukaeru, nodo ga tsukaeru
  to feel tight in one's chest, to feel choked up in one's throat
4. to become stiff from tension (mainly said of one's shoulders)
  色(いろ)んな不安(ふあん)で肩(かた)が閊(つか)えて来(き)た。
  Ironna fuan de kata ga tsukaete kita.
  What with various anxieties, I got stiff in my shoulders.
(transitive, archaic) to put both hands on the floor during a deep bow of thanks or supplication
手(て)を閊(つか)えて座(ざ)する
te o tsukaete zasuru
to take a seat with both hands on the floor in front of oneself

Conjugation

Conjugation of "閊える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	閊え	つかえ	tsukae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	閊え	つかえ	tsukae
Shūshikei ("terminal")	閊える	つかえる	tsukaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	閊える	つかえる	tsukaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	閊えれ	つかえれ	tsukaere
Meireikei ("imperative")	閊えよ¹ 閊えろ²	つかえよ¹ つかえろ²	tsukaeyo¹ tsukaero²
Key constructions
Passive	閊えられる	つかえられる	tsukaerareru
Causative	閊えさせる閊えさす	つかえさせるつかえさす	tsukaesaseru tsukaesasu
Potential	閊えられる閊えれる³	つかえられるつかえれる³	tsukaerareru tsukaereru³
Volitional	閊えよう	つかえよう	tsukaeyō
Negative	閊えない閊えぬ閊えん	つかえないつかえぬつかえん	tsukaenai tsukaenu tsukaen
Negative continuative	閊えず	つかえず	tsukaezu
Formal	閊えます	つかえます	tsukaemasu
Perfective	閊えた	つかえた	tsukaeta
Conjunctive	閊えて	つかえて	tsukaete
Hypothetical conditional	閊えれば	つかえれば	tsukaereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]