運動

See also: 运动

Chinese

		to move; to transport; to use to move; to transport; to use; to apply; fortune; luck; fate	to move; to change; to use to move; to change; to use; to act
trad. (運動)		運	動
simp. (运动)		运	动

Etymology

The modern meaning derives from a Japanese coinage in the nineteenth century, as wasei kango (和(わ)製(せい)漢(かん)語(ご)) (Heinrich, 2021).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yùndòng

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йүндун (yündun, III-III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan⁶ dung⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): vun⁵ uung⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yun-thung

(Hailu, HRS): rhun^˖ tung^˖
Eastern Min (BUC): ông-dông
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ong⁵ dorng⁵ / uong⁵ dorng⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ūn-tōng / ūn-tǒng

(Teochew, Peng'im): ung⁷ dong⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yun-don; ⁶yon-don

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yùndòng → yùndong (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ → ㄩㄣˋ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yùndo̊ng
  - Wade–Giles: yün⁴-tung⁵
  - Yale: yùn-dung
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yunn.donq
  - Palladius: юньдун (junʹdun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/ → /yn⁵¹ d̥ʊŋ¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    暈動 / 晕动
    運動 / 运动
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүндун (yündun, III-III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ⁴⁴ tuŋ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wan⁶ dung⁶
  - Yale: wahn duhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶ dung⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶ dung⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²² tʊŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: vun⁵ uung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /vun³² ɵŋ³²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun-thung
  - Hakka Romanization System: iun tung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun⁴ tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯un⁵⁵ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun-thung
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun tung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun⁴ tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un⁵⁵ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhun^˖ tung^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒun³³ tʰuŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ông-dông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^(t-)nouŋ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ong⁵ dorng⁵ [Phonetic: ong⁴ norng⁵]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eōng-dō̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔŋ¹¹⁻⁴² ^(t-)nɒŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: uong⁵ dorng⁵ [Phonetic: uong⁴ norng⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ²¹⁻⁴² ^(t-)nɒŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūn-tōng
  - Tâi-lô: ūn-tōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uxndong
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /un²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /un³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /un³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūn-tǒng
  - Tâi-lô: ūn-tǒng
  - Sinological IPA (Philippines): /un⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /un⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ung⁷ dong⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ūng tŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uŋ¹¹ toŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yun-don; ⁶yon-don
  - MiniDict: yuin^去 don; yon^去 don
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhyn-don; ³hhion-don
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦyn²² doŋ⁴⁴/, /ɦioŋ²² doŋ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: hjunH duwngX

Rime
Character	運	動
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	王問切	徒揔切
Baxter	hjunH	duwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɨun^H/	/duŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦiun^H/	/duŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuən^H/	/duŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦun^H/	/dəwŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣiuən^H/	/duŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ɣĭuən^H/	/duŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯uən^H/	/dʱuŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yùn	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wan⁶	dung⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷər-s [Cə-m-]tˤoŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢuns doːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	運	動
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yùn	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ hjun^H ›	‹ duwng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷər-s/	/*[Cə-m-]tˁoŋʔ/
English	turn round, move	move
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	運	動
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7341	17449
Phonetic component	軍	重
Rime group	文	東
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	運	動
Old Chinese	/*ɢuns/	/*doːŋʔ/

Verb

運動

to exercise; to move about
to get things done by pulling strings

Synonyms

(to exercise): 鍛鍊／锻炼 (duànliàn), 活動／活动 (huódòng), 健身 (jiànshēn)

Noun

運動

sports; athletics; exercise; game
球類運動／球类运动 ― qiúlèi yùndòng ― ball games

運動器材／运动器材 [Hokkien] ― ūn-tōng khì-châi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― exercise equipment
(physics) movement; motion
(politics) movement; campaign
掃盲運動／扫盲运动 ― sǎománg yùndòng ― movement to eliminate illiteracy

平權運動／平权运动 ― píngquán yùndòng ― equal rights movement

Synonyms

(sports): 體育／体育 (tǐyù)
(campaign): 行動／行动 (xíngdòng), (military operation) 作戰／作战 (zuòzhàn)

Adjective

運動

(biology) motor

Derived terms

一二·九運動 / 一二·九运动 (Yī'èr-Jiǔ Yùndòng)
五卅運動 / 五卅运动 (Wǔ-Sà Yùndòng)
五四運動 / 五四运动 (Wǔsì Yùndòng)
健美運動 / 健美运动 (jiànměi yùndòng)
共運 / 共运 (gòngyùn)
冰上運動 / 冰上运动 (bīngshàng yùndòng)
勃朗運動 / 勃朗运动 (Bólǎng yùndòng)
團隊運動 / 团队运动 (tuánduì yùndòng)
學生運動 / 学生运动 (xuéshēng yùndòng)
布朗運動 / 布朗运动 (Bùlǎng yùndòng)
技巧運動 / 技巧运动 (jìqiǎo yùndòng)
啟蒙運動 / 启蒙运动 (qǐméng yùndòng)
新文化運動 / 新文化运动 (Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng)
有氧運動 / 有氧运动 (yǒuyǎng yùndòng)
極限運動 / 极限运动 (jíxiàn yùndòng)
民族運動 / 民族运动 (mínzú yùndòng)
洋務運動 / 洋务运动 (Yángwù Yùndòng)
田徑運動 / 田径运动 (tiánjìng yùndòng)
精神運動 / 精神运动 (jīngshén yùndòng)
維新運動 / 维新运动 (Wéixīn Yùndòng)
義和團運動 / 义和团运动 (Yìhétuán Yùndòng)
肅反運動 / 肃反运动 (sùfǎn yùndòng)
變速運動 / 变速运动 (biànsù yùndòng)
運動健將 / 运动健将 (yùndòng jiànjiàng)
運動員 / 运动员 (yùndòngyuán)
運動場 / 运动场 (yùndòngchǎng)
運動學 / 运动学 (yùndòngxué)
運動戰 / 运动战 (yùndòngzhàn)
運動會 / 运动会 (yùndònghuì)
運動服 / 运动服 (yùndòngfú)
運動機 / 运动机 (yùndòngjī)
運動治療 / 运动治疗 (yùndòng zhìliáo)
運動神經 / 运动神经 (yùndòng shénjīng)
運動神經元 / 运动神经元 (yùndòng shénjīngyuán)
運動能力 / 运动能力 (yùndòng nénglì)
運動衫 / 运动衫 (yùndòngshān)
運動襪 / 运动袜 (yùndòngwà)
運動醫學 / 运动医学 (yùndòng yīxué)
運動量 / 运动量 (yùndòngliàng)
運動鞋 / 运动鞋 (yùndòngxié)
體育運動 / 体育运动 (tǐyù yùndòng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (運動):

→ Japanese: 運(うん)動(どう) (undō)
→ Korean: 운동(運動) (undong)
→ Vietnamese: vận động (運動)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
運	動
うん Grade: 3	どう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) うんどー [ùńdóó] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ɯ̟̃ndo̞ː]

Noun

運(うん)動(どう) • (undō)

Synonyms

(athletics): スポーツ (supōtsu, “sport”)
(public movement): ムーブメント (mūbumento, “movement”)

Derived terms

運(うん)動(どう)会(かい) (undōkai): athletic meet
運(うん)動(どう)場(じょう) (undōjō), 運(うん)動(どう)場(ば) (undōba): athletic ground
運(うん)動(どう)選(せん)手(しゅ) (undōsenshu): athlete

Verb

運(うん)動(どう)する • (undō suru) intransitive suru (stem 運(うん)動(どう)し (undō shi), past 運(うん)動(どう)した (undō shita))

to exercise, to work out

Conjugation

Conjugation of "運動する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	運動し	うんどうし	undō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	運動し	うんどうし	undō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	運動する	うんどうする	undō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	運動する	うんどうする	undō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	運動すれ	うんどうすれ	undō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	運動せよ¹ 運動しろ²	うんどうせよ¹ うんどうしろ²	undō seyo¹ undō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	運動される	うんどうされる	undō sareru
Causative	運動させる運動さす	うんどうさせるうんどうさす	undō saseru undō sasu
Potential	運動できる	うんどうできる	undō dekiru
Volitional	運動しよう	うんどうしよう	undō shiyō
Negative	運動しない	うんどうしない	undō shinai
Negative continuative	運動せず	うんどうせず	undō sezu
Formal	運動します	うんどうします	undō shimasu
Perfective	運動した	うんどうした	undō shita
Conjunctive	運動して	うんどうして	undō shite
Hypothetical conditional	運動すれば	うんどうすれば	undō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

鍛(たん)錬(れん) (tanren)

References

Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
運	動

Noun

運動 • (undong) (hangeul 운동)

hanja form^? of 운동 (“exercise; physical activity; sport; movement in general”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
運	動

Verb

運動

chữ Hán form of vận động (“to move; to be in motion”)