軽んずる

Japanese

Kanji in this term
軽
かろ Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
輕んずる (kyūjitai)

Etymology

Regular shift in conjugation from Classical Japanese verb 軽んず (karonzu), a phonetic shift from Classical Japanese 軽みす (karomi su),^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] from 軽 (karo, stem of adjective 軽い (karoi, “light”), a mid-Heian period alternative form of 軽い (karui)^[2]) +‎ み (-mi) +‎ す (su, “to do”),^[5] where みす (-mi su) was a grammaticalised pattern meaning “treat (noun) as (adjective); find (noun) (adjective)”.^[5] Literally, “to treat as light”. Compare the kango (漢語) 軽視 (keishi, “disdain, neglect”), from 軽 (“light (adjective)”) +‎ 視 (“to see”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かろんずる [kàróńzúꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])^[2]^[6]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾõ̞nd͡zɨɾɯ̟]

Verb

軽(かろ)んずる • (karonzuru) transitive suru (stem 軽(かろ)んじ (karonji), past 軽(かろ)んじた (karonjita))

belittle, despise

Conjugation

Conjugation of "軽んずる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	軽んじ軽んぜ	かろんじかろんぜ	karonji karonze
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	軽んじ	かろんじ	karonji
Shūshikei ("terminal")	軽んずる	かろんずる	karonzuru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	軽んずる	かろんずる	karonzuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	軽んずれ	かろんずれ	karonzure
Meireikei ("imperative")	軽んぜよ¹ 軽んじろ²	かろんぜよ¹ かろんじろ²	karonzeyo¹ karonjiro²
Key constructions
Passive	軽んじられる軽んぜられる	かろんじられるかろんぜられる	karonjirareru karonzerareru
Causative	軽んじさせる軽んじさす	かろんじさせるかろんじさす	karonjisaseru karonjisasu
Potential	軽んじられる軽んぜられる	かろんじられるかろんぜられる	karonjirareru karonzerareru
Volitional	軽んじよう	かろんじよう	karonjiyō
Negative	軽んじない	かろんじない	karonjinai
Negative continuative	軽んぜず	かろんぜず	karonzezu
Formal	軽んじます	かろんじます	karonjimasu
Perfective	軽んじた	かろんじた	karonjita
Conjunctive	軽んじて	かろんじて	karonjite
Hypothetical conditional	軽んずれば	かろんずれば	karonzureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

軽(けい)視(し)する (keishi suru)

Antonyms

重(おも)んずる (omonzuru)

Derived terms

軽(かろ)んじる (karonjiru)

References

^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010), A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge University Press, New York, →ISBN, page 87
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[K-1] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[KDJ-4] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[Frellesvig_2010_page_87-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010), A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge University Press, New York, →ISBN, page 87

[NHK-6] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]