踏む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 踏 |
| ふ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 履む 践む 蹂む |
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 踏む
| Plain | 踏む | ふむ | [fùmú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 踏んで | ふんで | [fùńdé] |
| Perfective | 踏んだ | ふんだ | [fùńdá] |
| Negative | 踏まない | ふまない | [fùmánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 踏まなかった | ふまなかった | [fùmánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 踏めば | ふめば | [fùméꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 踏んだら | ふんだら | [fùńdáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 踏め | ふめ | [fùmé] |
| Volitional | 踏もう | ふもー | [fùmóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 踏みたい | ふみたい | [fùmítáí] |
| Formal | 踏みます | ふみます | [fùmímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 踏みません | ふみません | [fùmímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 踏みましょう | ふみましょー | [fùmímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 踏みました | ふみました | [fùmímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 踏み 踏みに |
ふみ ふみに |
[fùmí] [fùmí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 踏まず 踏まずに |
ふまず ふまずに |
[fùmázú] [fùmázú ní] |
| Passive | 踏まれる | ふまれる | [fùmárérú] |
| Causative | 踏ませる 踏ます |
ふませる ふます |
[fùmásérú] [fùmású] |
| Potential | 踏める | ふめる | [fùmérú] |
Verb
踏む • (fumu) transitive godan (stem 踏み (fumi), past 踏んだ (funda))
- to step, to tread
- ブレーキを踏む ― burēki o fumu ― to press on the brakes
- 四股を踏む ― shiko o fumu ― to step on all fours
- to set foot, to visit
- to experience, to go through
- to follow, to go along
- (religion) to worship
- to make estimates or valuations
- to rhyme
- 頭韻を踏む ― tōin o fumu ― to alliterate
- to occupy a position
- 帝位を踏む ― teii o fumu ― to step on the throne
- (stock market, in margin trading) to buy back open interest at the risk of loss
- (fishing) to clam with one's feet
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 踏ま | ふま | fuma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 踏み | ふみ | fumi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 踏む | ふむ | fumu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 踏む | ふむ | fumu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 踏め | ふめ | fume |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 踏め | ふめ | fume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 踏まれる | ふまれる | fumareru |
| Causative | 踏ませる 踏ます |
ふませる ふます |
fumaseru fumasu |
| Potential | 踏める | ふめる | fumeru |
| Volitional | 踏もう | ふもう | fumō |
| Negative | 踏まない | ふまない | fumanai |
| Negative continuative | 踏まず | ふまず | fumazu |
| Formal | 踏みます | ふみます | fumimasu |
| Perfective | 踏んだ | ふんだ | funda |
| Conjunctive | 踏んで | ふんで | funde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 踏めば | ふめば | fumeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 踏ま | ふま | fuma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 踏み | ふみ | fumi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 踏む | ふむ | fumu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 踏む | ふむ | fumu |
| Realis (已然形) | 踏め | ふめ | fume |
| Imperative (命令形) | 踏め | ふめ | fume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 踏まず | ふまず | fumazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 踏めど | ふめど | fumedo |
| Causal conjunction | 踏めば | ふめば | fumeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 踏まば | ふまば | fumaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 踏みき | ふみき | fumiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 踏みけり | ふみけり | fumikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 踏みつ | ふみつ | fumitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 踏みぬ | ふみぬ | fuminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 踏めり 踏みたり |
ふめり ふみたり |
fumeri fumitari |
| Volitional | 踏まむ | ふまむ | fumamu |
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 踏ませられる → 踏まされる. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
- ふみえ (fumie, “fumi-e (stepping on a picture of Christ to punish suspected Christians during the Shogunate)”)
- ふみふみ (fumifumi, “kneading (when a cat slowly presses its front paws on something to relax)”)
References
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- “踏む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026