謝罪

See also: 谢罪

Chinese

		to decline; to thank; gratitude	guilt; crime; fault guilt; crime; fault; blame; sin
trad. (謝罪)		謝	罪
simp. (谢罪)		谢	罪

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xièzuì

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ze⁶ zeoi⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhia-chhui

(Hailu, HRS): cia^˖ cui^˖
Eastern Min (BUC): siâ-cô̤i
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siā-chǒe / siā-chōe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xièzuì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sièzuèi
  - Wade–Giles: hsieh⁴-tsui⁴
  - Yale: syè-dzwèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiehtzuey
  - Palladius: сецзуй (seczuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ze⁶ zeoi⁶
  - Yale: jeh jeuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dze⁶ dzoey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zé⁶ zêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛː²² t͡sɵy̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhia-chhui
  - Hakka Romanization System: qia cui
  - Hagfa Pinyim: qia⁴ cui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯a⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: cia^˖ cui^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰia³³ t͡sʰui³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siâ-cô̤i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sia²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^(t͡s-)ʒɔy²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-chǒe
  - Tâi-lô: siā-tsuě
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /sia⁴¹⁻²² t͡sue²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-chōe
  - Tâi-lô: siā-tsuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaxzoe
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²⁻²¹ t͡sue²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /sia³³⁻²¹ t͡sue³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /sia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sue³³/

Middle Chinese: zjaeH dzwojX

Rime
Character	謝	罪
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	辝夜切	徂賄切
Baxter	zjaeH	dzwojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/zia^H/	/d͡zuʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/zia^H/	/d͡zuoi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/zia^H/	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zia^H/	/d͡zwəj^X/
Li Rong	/zia^H/	/d͡zuᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/zĭa^H/	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/zi̯a^H/	/d͡zʱuɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiè	zuì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ze⁶	zeoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*sə-lAk-s [dz]ˤujʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ljaːɡs zuːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	謝	罪
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiè	zuì
Middle Chinese	‹ zjae^H ›	‹ dzwoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*sə-lAk-s/	/*[dz]ˁujʔ/
English	decline, renounce	crime, offense
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	謝	罪
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11221	17981
Phonetic component	射	罪
Rime group	暮	微
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	謝	辠
Old Chinese	/*ljaːɡs/	/*zuːlʔ/
Notes		同辠

Verb

謝⫽罪 (verb-object)

to acknowledge one's error and seek forgiveness

Synonyms

edit

告罪 (gàozuì) (literary, polite)
回毋著 / 回毋着 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
坐不住 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
坐毋著 / 坐毋着 (Hokkien)
坐理 (Hokkien)
相坐 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
致歉 (zhìqiàn)
請罪 / 请罪 (qǐngzuì)
賠不是 / 赔不是 (péi bùshi)
賠情 / 赔情 (péiqíng) (dialectal)
賠禮 / 赔礼 (péilǐ)
賠罪 / 赔罪 (péizuì)
道歉 (dàoqiàn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (謝罪):

→ Japanese: 謝罪(しゃざい) (shazai)
→ Korean: 사죄(謝罪) (sajoe)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
謝	罪
しゃ Grade: 5	ざい Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しゃざい [shàzáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕa̠za̠i]

Noun

謝(しゃ)罪(ざい) • (shazai)

apology

Verb

謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)する • (shazai suru) transitive suru (stem 謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)し (shazai shi), past 謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)した (shazai shita))

to apologize

Conjugation

Conjugation of "謝罪する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	謝罪し	しゃざいし	shazai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	謝罪し	しゃざいし	shazai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	謝罪する	しゃざいする	shazai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	謝罪する	しゃざいする	shazai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	謝罪すれ	しゃざいすれ	shazai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	謝罪せよ¹ 謝罪しろ²	しゃざいせよ¹ しゃざいしろ²	shazai seyo¹ shazai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	謝罪される	しゃざいされる	shazai sareru
Causative	謝罪させる謝罪さす	しゃざいさせるしゃざいさす	shazai saseru shazai sasu
Potential	謝罪できる	しゃざいできる	shazai dekiru
Volitional	謝罪しよう	しゃざいしよう	shazai shiyō
Negative	謝罪しない	しゃざいしない	shazai shinai
Negative continuative	謝罪せず	しゃざいせず	shazai sezu
Formal	謝罪します	しゃざいします	shazai shimasu
Perfective	謝罪した	しゃざいした	shazai shita
Conjunctive	謝罪して	しゃざいして	shazai shite
Hypothetical conditional	謝罪すれば	しゃざいすれば	shazai sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“謝罪”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
謝	罪

Noun

謝罪 • (sajoe) (hangeul 사죄)

hanja form^? of 사죄 (“apology”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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