誂える

Japanese

Kanji in this term
誂
あつら Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
誂らえる (uncommon) 誂る (uncommon)

Etymology

*/aturapu/ → /aturafu/ → /at͡surafu/ → /at͡suraferu/ → /at͡suraeru/

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 誂ふ entry.

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720,^[1] but only in logographic form, with the kana gloss あつらふ (atsurafu) applied some uncertain amount of time afterwards. Attested in phonetic spellings from at least the Ochikubo Monogatari of the late 900s.^[1] Also attested phonetically in the Myōgishō (1241) with the form あとらふ (atorafu).^[1]

Further derivation uncertain. Considering verb-formation patterns, this appears to be a root verb atsuru + iterative / repetitive / resultative auxiliary verb suffix ふ (fu). However, the attested verb 暑る (atsuru, archaic, possibly obsolete) means "to be very hot; to suffer in the heat", with no clear semantic connection. Adjective 厚らか (atsuraka) likewise has no apparent semantic connection, meaning "thick and puffed up".

Speculatively, this might ultimately be derived from or otherwise related to verb 当つ (atsu), modern 当てる (ateru, transitive) and 当たる (ataru, intransitive), with senses including "to hit, to strike; to be or to put into contact with; to assign, to call upon someone to do something".^[1]

In historical sources, due to lenition of the medial /f/ sound and the resulting overlap in pronunciations, occasionally appears in the 1300s-1700s as if the base verb form were atsurayu.^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あつらえる [àtsúráéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
(Tokyo) あつらえる [àtsúráꜜèrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]^[4]
IPA^(key): [a̠t͡sɨɾa̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 誂える

Plain	誂える	あつらえるあつらえる	`[àtsúráéꜜrù]` `[àtsúráꜜèrù]`
Conjunctive	誂えて	あつらえて	`[àtsúráꜜètè]`
Perfective	誂えた	あつらえた	`[àtsúráꜜètà]`
Negative	誂えない	あつらえない	`[àtsúráéꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	誂えなかった	あつらえなかった	`[àtsúráéꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	誂えれば	あつらえればあつらえれば	`[àtsúráéꜜrèbà]` `[àtsúráꜜèrèbà]`
Past conditional	誂えたら	あつらえたら	`[àtsúráꜜètàrà]`
Imperative	誂えろ誂えよ	あつらえろあつらえろあつらえよあつらえよ	`[àtsúráéꜜrò]` `[àtsúráꜜèrò]` `[àtsúráéꜜyò]` `[àtsúráꜜèyò]`
Volitional	誂えよう	あつらえよー	`[àtsúráéyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	誂えたい	あつらえたい	`[àtsúráétáꜜì]`
Formal	誂えます	あつらえます	`[àtsúráémáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	誂えません	あつらえません	`[àtsúráémáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	誂えましょう	あつらえましょー	`[àtsúráémáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	誂えました	あつらえました	`[àtsúráémáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	誂え誂えに	あつらえあつらえに	`[àtsúráꜜè]` `[àtsúráꜜè nì]`
Negative continuative	誂えず誂えずに	あつらえずあつらえずに	`[àtsúráéꜜzù]` `[àtsúráéꜜzù nì]`
Passive	誂えられる	あつらえられる	`[àtsúráéráréꜜrù]`
Causative	誂えさせる誂えさす	あつらえさせるあつらえさす	`[àtsúráésáséꜜrù]` `[àtsúráésáꜜsù]`
Potential	誂えられる誂えれる	あつらえられるあつらえれる	`[àtsúráéráréꜜrù]` `[àtsúráéréꜜrù]`

Verb

誂(あつら)える • (atsuraeru) transitive ichidan (stem 誂(あつら)え (atsurae), past 誂(あつら)えた (atsuraeta))

[from 1200s] to place an order for something, to order something (such as to be made, carried out, delivered)
[from 720] to request something of someone, to request that someone do something

Conjugation

Conjugation of "誂える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	誂え	あつらえ	atsurae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	誂え	あつらえ	atsurae
Shūshikei ("terminal")	誂える	あつらえる	atsuraeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	誂える	あつらえる	atsuraeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	誂えれ	あつらえれ	atsuraere
Meireikei ("imperative")	誂えよ¹ 誂えろ²	あつらえよ¹ あつらえろ²	atsuraeyo¹ atsuraero²
Key constructions
Passive	誂えられる	あつらえられる	atsuraerareru
Causative	誂えさせる誂えさす	あつらえさせるあつらえさす	atsuraesaseru atsuraesasu
Potential	誂えられる誂えれる³	あつらえられるあつらえれる³	atsuraerareru atsuraereru³
Volitional	誂えよう	あつらえよう	atsuraeyō
Negative	誂えない誂えぬ誂えん	あつらえないあつらえぬあつらえん	atsuraenai atsuraenu atsuraen
Negative continuative	誂えず	あつらえず	atsuraezu
Formal	誂えます	あつらえます	atsuraemasu
Perfective	誂えた	あつらえた	atsuraeta
Conjunctive	誂えて	あつらえて	atsuraete
Hypothetical conditional	誂えれば	あつらえれば	atsuraereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

誂(あつら)え品(ひん) (atsuraehin, “made-to-order good”)
誂(あつら)え物(もの) (atsuraemono, “made-to-order item”)
誂(あつら)え向(む)き (atsuraemuki, “suitable, fitting, ideal, as desired”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“^▲誂える”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[NKD2P-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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