記憶

See also: 记忆

Chinese

	to remember; to note; mark to remember; to note; mark; sign; to record	remember
trad. (記憶)	記	憶
simp. (记忆)	记	忆
anagram	憶記／忆记

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jìyì

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gei³ jik¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ki-yi

(Hailu, HRS): gi^ˇ rhi^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): gi⁴ yid⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kì-ek / kì-iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): gi³ i³ / gi³ êg⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ci-i

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìyì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìyì
  - Wade–Giles: chi⁴-i⁴
  - Yale: jì-yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jihyih
  - Palladius: цзии (czii)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    寄意
    技藝 / 技艺
    計議 / 计议
    記憶 / 记忆
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gei³ jik¹
  - Yale: gei yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gei³ jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: géi³ yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯³³ jɪk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki-yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: gi i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gi⁴ yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki-yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: gi (r)i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gi⁴ yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵ (j)i⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gi^ˇ rhi^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /ki¹¹ ʒi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gi⁴ yid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì-ek
  - Tâi-lô: kì-ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kie'eg
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki²¹⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ki¹¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì-iak
  - Tâi-lô: kì-iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kie'iag
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gi³ i³ / gi³ êg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kì ì / kì ek
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ i²¹³/, /ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ek̚²/

Note: gi3 êg4 - Jieyang.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ci-i
  - MiniDict: ci^去 i
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ji-i
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi³³ i⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: kiH 'ik

Rime
Character	記	憶
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	居吏切	於力切
Baxter	kiH	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨ^H/	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨ^H/	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kie^H/	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨ^H/	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/kiə^H/	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/kĭə^H/	/ĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki^H/	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei³	jik¹

Verb

記憶

to remember; to recall

Synonyms

edit

回味 (huíwèi) (to recall something and ponder it)
回念 (huíniàn)
回想 (huíxiǎng)
回憶 / 回忆 (huíyì)
回溯 (huísù)
回顧 / 回顾 (huígù)
回首 (huíshǒu)
思古 (sīgǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
感念 (gǎnniàn) (to recall fondly)
感懷 / 感怀 (gǎnhuái) (to recall with emotion)
想起 (xiǎngqǐ)
憶 / 忆 (yì)
憶想 / 忆想 (yìxiǎng)
懷古 / 怀古 (huáigǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
浮想 (fúxiǎng)
留戀 / 留恋 (liúliàn) (to recall with nostalgia)
緬想 / 缅想 (miǎnxiǎng)
緬懷 / 缅怀 (miǎnhuái) (to cherish the memory of, especially the deceased)
記 / 记 (jì)
記得 / 记得 (jìde)
記起 / 记起 (jìqǐ)
諗起 / 谂起 (nam² hei²) (Cantonese)
追 (literary, or in compounds)
追念 (zhuīniàn)
追思 (zhuīsī) (especially the deceased)
追想 (zhuīxiǎng)
追憶 / 追忆 (zhuīyì)
追懷 / 追怀 (zhuīhuái)
遙想 / 遥想 (yáoxiǎng)

Noun

記憶

memory; recollection

Synonyms

回憶／回忆 (huíyì)

Derived terms

形狀記憶合金 / 形状记忆合金 (xíngzhuàng jìyì héjīn)
肌肉記憶 / 肌肉记忆 (jīròu jìyì)
記憶力 / 记忆力 (jìyìlì)
記憶卡 / 记忆卡 (jìyìkǎ)
記憶合金 / 记忆合金 (jìyì héjīn)
記憶咭 / 记忆咭
記憶庫 / 记忆库 (jìyìkù)
記憶條 / 记忆条 (jìyìtiáo)
記憶棒 / 记忆棒 (jìyìbàng)
記憶猶新 / 记忆犹新 (jìyìyóuxīn)
記憶缺失 / 记忆缺失 (jìyì quēshī)
記憶術 / 记忆术 (jìyìshù)
記憶體 / 记忆体 (jìyìtǐ)
集體記憶 / 集体记忆 (jítǐ jìyì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (記憶):

→ Japanese: 記(き)憶(おく) (kioku)
→ Korean: 기억(記憶) (gieok)
→ Vietnamese: kí ức (記憶)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
記	憶
き Grade: 2	おく Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きおく [kìókú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
(Kyōto) きおく [kìókú] (Heiban – [0])^[4]
IPA^(key): [kʲio̞kɯ̟]

Noun

記(き)憶(おく) • (kioku)

memory; recollection; remembrance
Synonyms: 追憶 (tsuioku), 追想 (tsuisō), 思い出 (omoide)
- 2015 October 2, “見(み)捨(す)てられた神(かみ)々(がみ)の神(しん)殿(でん) [Shrine of the Forsaken Gods]”, in 戦乱のゼンディカー [Warring Zendikar], Wizards of the Coast:
  
  マーフォークがウーラ、エメリア、コーシと呼(よ)び崇(あが)めていた三(さん)神(じん)は、実(じっ)際(さい)にはウラモグ、エムラクール、コジレックという三(さん)大(だい)エルドラージの誤(あやま)った記(き)憶(おく)でしかなかった。
  Māfōku ga Ūra, Emeria, Kōshi to yobi agameteita sanjin wa, jissai ni wa Uramogu, Emurakūru, Kojirekku to iu sandai Erudorāji no ayamatta kioku de shika nakatta.
  The three gods known to the merfolk as Ula, Emeria, and Cosi were nothing more than false memories of a monstrous trinity, the Eldrazi titans Ulamog, Emrakul, and Kozilek.

Verb

記(き)憶(おく)する • (kioku suru) transitive suru (stem 記(き)憶(おく)し (kioku shi), past 記(き)憶(おく)した (kioku shita))

to remember; to memorize; to recollect
- 2021 December 21, 杉尾秀哉, quotee, “第207回国会　参議院　本会議　第5号　令和3年12月21日”, in 国会会議録検索システム‎^[2], 国立国会図書館, retrieved 10 January 2026:
  エビングハウスは、人間は物事を記憶してから一日後には急激に記憶を失っていくという忘却曲線を発見しました。
  Ebinguhausu wa, ningen wa monogoto o kioku shite kara ichinichi-go ni wa kyūgeki ni kioku o ushinatte iku to iu bōkyaku kyokusen o hakken shi-mashita.
  Ebbinghaus discovered the forgetting curve, which shows that humans rapidly lose memory of something within a day of remembering it.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "記憶する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	記憶し	きおくし	kioku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	記憶し	きおくし	kioku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	記憶する	きおくする	kioku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	記憶する	きおくする	kioku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	記憶すれ	きおくすれ	kioku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	記憶せよ¹ 記憶しろ²	きおくせよ¹ きおくしろ²	kioku seyo¹ kioku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	記憶される	きおくされる	kioku sareru
Causative	記憶させる記憶さす	きおくさせるきおくさす	kioku saseru kioku sasu
Potential	記憶できる	きおくできる	kioku dekiru
Volitional	記憶しよう	きおくしよう	kioku shiyō
Negative	記憶しない	きおくしない	kioku shinai
Negative continuative	記憶せず	きおくせず	kioku sezu
Formal	記憶します	きおくします	kioku shimasu
Perfective	記憶した	きおくした	kioku shita
Conjunctive	記憶して	きおくして	kioku shite
Hypothetical conditional	記憶すれば	きおくすれば	kioku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 “記憶”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

“記憶”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
記	憶

Noun

記憶 • (gieok) (hangeul 기억)

hanja form^? of 기억 (“recall; the faculty of memory”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
記	憶

Noun

記憶

chữ Hán form of kí ức (“memory”)

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[NKD2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 “記憶”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

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