羌

See also: 羗

羌	U+7F8C, 羌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F8C

← 羋
[U+7F8B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

羍 →
[U+7F8D]

Translingual

Han character

羌 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+2 in traditional Chinese, 羊+1 in simplified Chinese, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿土竹山 (TGHU) or 廿手山 (TQU), four-corner 8021₁, composition ⿸⺶乚(G) or ⿱𦍌儿(HTJK))

Derived characters

唴, 㛨, 㳾, 猐, 琷, 蜣, 錓, 羗

Additional Derived Characters

𠊡, 𫹕, 𬁿, 𪲞, 𥇉, 𥓌, 𧇞, 𩸑, 𪁸, 𦍑, 𡝸, 𢒘, 𢻐, 𠻁, 𠒤, 𱻎, 𬝆, 𪉬, 𡬎
𭘤, 𢮲

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 951, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28429
Dae Jaweon: page 1393, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3125, character 3
Unihan data for U+7F8C

Chinese

trad.		羌
simp. ^#		羌
alternative forms		羗𦍑猐𠒌𡸓羗𦍑猐𠒌𡸓𡹽𡺛𦍎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 羌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
样	ʔslaːŋ, laŋ
佯	zlaŋ, laŋ
詳	ljaŋ, laŋ
洋	ljaŋ, laŋ
翔	*ljaŋ
庠	*ljaŋ
祥	*ljaŋ
痒	ljaŋ, laŋʔ
姜	*klaŋ
羌	*kʰlaŋ
蜣	*kʰlaŋ
猐	*kʰlaŋ
唴	*kʰlaŋs
羊	*laŋ
徉	*laŋ
烊	*laŋ
蛘	laŋ, laŋʔ
眻	laŋ, laŋs
鴹	*laŋ
恙	*laŋs
羕	*laŋs
樣	*laŋs
漾	*laŋs

A man 人 with two sheep horns 羊 on his head - barbarian. The character 羊 also indicates the pronunciation. See also 茍 and 美.

Etymology

Unclear.

Pulleyblank (1983) suggests a derivation from 羊 (OC *laŋ).

Schuessler (2007) prefers to relate it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to herd; to tend (cattle); to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to guard; to nurture; to keep; to care for”), Asho Chin klóng (“to herd; to graze”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to feed; to tend (cattle)”); then 羌 means "herders". Compare 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to raise; to nourish”).

Beckwith (2009) proposes a possible Indo-European origin; compare Tocharian B klank- (“to ride; to go by chariot”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): qiāng (qiang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qiang¹

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): qiǎng

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): qiān
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): goeng¹

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): goeng¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiông

(Hailu, HRS): giong^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): giong¹
Jin (Wiktionary): qion¹
Northern Min (KCR): gióng
Eastern Min (BUC): giŏng
Puxian Min (Xianyou, Pouseng Ping'ing): giunn¹ / kyoeng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiuⁿ / kioⁿ / khiong / khiang / kiong

(Teochew, Peng'im): giang¹
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): giang¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹chian
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qian¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciang
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang¹
  - Yale: chyāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: qiang¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: qiǎng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²¹/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: qiān
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): qian⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: goeng¹
  - Yale: gēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: goeng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /køŋ²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiông
  - Hakka Romanization System: giong^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯oŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: giong^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kioŋ⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: giong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: qion¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰiɒ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gióng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: giunn¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kĩũ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyoeng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviw
  - Sinological IPA (Lukang): /kiũ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /kiũ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kioⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kionn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvioy
  - Sinological IPA (Tainan): /kiɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiong
  - Tâi-lô: khiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiang
  - Tâi-lô: khiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiafng
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiaŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
  - Tâi-lô: kiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³³/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: giang¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɐŋ⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹chian
  - MiniDict: chian^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹qian
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: qian¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯æn³³/

Middle Chinese: khjang

Rime
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去羊切
Baxter	khjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰaŋ/
English	western tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
No.	14531
Phonetic component	羊
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	羌
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaŋ/

Definitions

羌

(～族, ～人) Qiang people
Name of a historical tribe in ancient China.
muntjac (species of deer)
山羌 ― shānqiāng ― Reeves's muntjac
(obsolete) Meaningless sentence-initial particle, often used in the Chuci.
a surname

Compounds

婼羌
山羌 (shānqiāng)
氐羌
羌人 (Qiāngrén)
羌塘 (Qiāngtáng)
羌家壪 / 羌家塆 (Qiāngjiāwān)
羌帖
羌戎
羌族 (Qiāngzú)
羌活 (qiānghuó)
羌無故實 / 羌无故实
羌笛 (qiāngdí)
羌管
羌語 / 羌语
羌鷲 / 羌鹫 (qiāngjiù)
若羌 (Ruòqiāng)
葉爾羌 / 叶尔羌 (Yè'ěrqiāng)
西羌
阿羌 (Āqiāng)

Japanese

Kanji

羌

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: こう (kō)
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
Kun: えびす (ebisu, 羌)、あう (au)
Nanori: あきら (akira)、すすむ (susumu)

Korean

Hanja

羌 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

羌: Hán Nôm readings: cưng, gừng, khương

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.