磊落

Chinese

	lumpy; rock pile; uneven	to fall; to drop (behind); leave behind
trad. (磊落)	磊	落
simp. ^#(磊落)	磊	落
alternative forms	礌落礧落

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lěiluò

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi⁵ lok⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lúi-lo̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lěiluò
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lěiluò
  - Wade–Giles: lei³-lo⁴
  - Yale: lěi-lwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leeiluoh
  - Palladius: лэйло (lɛjlo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: leoi⁵ lok⁶
  - Yale: léuih lohk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loey⁵ lok⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêu⁵ log⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɵy̯¹³ lɔːk̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lúi-lo̍k
  - Tâi-lô: luí-lo̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: luylok
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /lui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /lui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /lui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: lwojX lak

Rime
Character	磊	落
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	落猥切	盧各切
Baxter	lwojX	lak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luʌi^X/	/lɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/luoi^X/	/lɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/luɒi^X/	/lɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwəj^X/	/lak̚/
Li Rong	/luᴀi^X/	/lɑk̚/
Wang Li	/luɒi^X/	/lɑk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/luɑ̆i^X/	/lɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lěi	luò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	leoi⁵	lok⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ruːlʔ ɡ·raːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	落
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	luò
Middle Chinese	‹ lak ›
Old Chinese	/*kə.rˁak/
English	fall (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磊	落
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7767	3880
Phonetic component	磊	各
Rime group	微	鐸
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	磥	落
Old Chinese	/*ruːlʔ/	/*ɡ·raːɡ/
Notes	同磥

Adjective

磊落

(literary, of rocks) piled and jumbled
open and upright; big and stout; big-hearted

Derived terms

光明磊落 (guāngmínglěiluò)
崟崎磊落
嶔崎磊落 / 嵚崎磊落
抑塞磊落
磊磊落落 (lěilěiluòluò)
磊落不凡
磊落不羈 / 磊落不羁
磊落光明
磊落奇偉 / 磊落奇伟
磊落豪橫 / 磊落豪横
磊落跌蕩 / 磊落跌荡
磊落軼蕩 / 磊落轶荡
磊落颯爽 / 磊落飒爽
胸懷磊落 / 胸怀磊落
襟懷磊落 / 襟怀磊落

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (磊落):

→ Japanese: 磊落(らいらく) (rairaku)
→ Vietnamese: lỗi lạc (磊落)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
磊	落
らい Hyōgai	らく Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) らいらく [ràírákú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ɾa̠iɾa̠kɯ̟]

Adjective

磊(らい)落(らく) • (rairaku) -na (adnominal 磊(らい)落(らく)な (rairaku na), adverbial 磊(らい)落(らく)に (rairaku ni))

open and upright; big and stout; big-hearted

Inflection

Inflection of 磊落
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	磊落だろ	らいらくだろ	rairaku daro
Continuative (連用形)	磊落で	らいらくで	rairaku de
Terminal (終止形)	磊落だ	らいらくだ	rairaku da
Attributive (連体形)	磊落な	らいらくな	rairaku na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	磊落なら	らいらくなら	rairaku nara
Imperative (命令形)	磊落であれ	らいらくであれ	rairaku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	磊落ではない磊落じゃない	らいらくではないらいらくじゃない	rairaku de wa nai rairaku ja nai
Informal past	磊落だった	らいらくだった	rairaku datta
Informal negative past	磊落ではなかった磊落じゃなかった	らいらくではなかったらいらくじゃなかった	rairaku de wa nakatta rairaku ja nakatta
Formal	磊落です	らいらくです	rairaku desu
Formal negative	磊落ではありません磊落じゃありません	らいらくではありませんらいらくじゃありません	rairaku de wa arimasen rairaku ja arimasen
Formal past	磊落でした	らいらくでした	rairaku deshita
Formal negative past	磊落ではありませんでした磊落じゃありませんでした	らいらくではありませんでしたらいらくじゃありませんでした	rairaku de wa arimasen deshita rairaku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	磊落で	らいらくで	rairaku de
Conditional	磊落なら（ば）	らいらくなら（ば）	rairaku nara (ba)
Provisional	磊落だったら	らいらくだったら	rairaku dattara
Volitional	磊落だろう	らいらくだろう	rairaku darō
Adverbial	磊落に	らいらくに	rairaku ni
Degree	磊落さ	らいらくさ	rairakusa

Derived terms

磊々落々(らいらいらくらく) (rairairakuraku)
豪放磊落(ごうほうらいらく) (gōhōrairaku)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“^▲磊落”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK5-3] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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