皮肉

Chinese

		leather; skin; fur	meat; flesh
simp. and trad. (皮肉)		皮	肉
anagram		肉皮

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): píròu

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˊ ㄖㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pei⁴ juk⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): phì-ngiuk

(Hailu, HRS): pi ngiug

(Changting, Changting Pinyin): pi² niu²
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): puei² noeh⁷ / puei² nyh⁷
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): phôe-bah / phê-bah / phêr-mah

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: píròu
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˊ ㄖㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: píròu
  - Wade–Giles: pʻi²-jou⁴
  - Yale: pí-ròu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyirow
  - Palladius: пижоу (pižou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰi³⁵ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pei⁴ juk⁶
  - Yale: pèih yuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pei⁴ juk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: péi⁴ yug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰei̯²¹ jʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì-ngiuk
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi^ˇ ngiug^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pi² ngiug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹ ŋi̯uk̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi ngiug
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi⁵⁵ ŋiuk⁵/
- (Changting)
  - Changting Pinyin: pi² niu²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi²⁴ niəɯ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: puei² noeh⁷ [Phonetic: puei⁵ noeh⁷]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: pói-ne̤̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰuei¹³⁻¹¹ nœʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: puei² nyh⁷ [Phonetic: puei⁵ nyh⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰuei²⁴⁻²¹ nyʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phôe-bah
  - Tâi-lô: phuê-bah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoe'baq
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰue²³⁻³³ baʔ³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰue¹³⁻²² baʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phê-bah
  - Tâi-lô: phê-bah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phe'baq
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ baʔ³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /pʰe²⁴⁻²² baʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phêr-mah
  - Tâi-lô: phêr-mah
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰə²⁴⁻²² mãʔ⁵/

Noun

皮肉

(literal) skin and flesh
(figurative) body; corpus
皮肉之苦 ― píròuzhīkǔ ― corporal suffering
(figurative) selling one's body; prostitution

Synonyms

(body):

edit

人身 (rénshēn) (literary)
人體 / 人体 (réntǐ)
肉體 / 肉体 (ròutǐ)
身仔 (Hakka)
身子 (shēnzi)
身己 (shēnjǐ) (literary)
身體 / 身体 (shēntǐ)
軀殼 / 躯壳 (qūqiào)
軀體 / 躯体 (qūtǐ) (formal)

Derived terms

拿皮肉往外人身上貼 / 拿皮肉往外人身上贴
皮肉之傷 / 皮肉之伤
皮肉之苦
皮肉生意 (píròu shēngyì)
皮肉生涯

References

“皮肉”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.
周存 [Zhōu, Cún], editor (2023), “皮肉”, in 长汀话词典 CHANGTINGHUA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Changting Dialect] (overall work in Hakka and Mandarin), Guangzhou: 世界图书出版有限公司 [World Book Publishing Co., Ltd.], →ISBN, page 496.

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
皮	肉
ひ Grade: 3	にく Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 皮肉 (MC bje nyuwk), literally “skin and meat”.

Originally a Buddhist term from the Zen expression 皮肉骨髄 (“skin, flesh, bones, and marrow”) used to evaluate disciples’ understanding, where “bones and marrow” represent the core truth, and “skin and meat” symbolize the superficial understanding.^[1]

As a result, it came to refer to shallow criticism (pointing out faults without addressing the essence) and irony in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひにく [hìníkú] (Heiban – [0])
(Tokyo) ひにく [híꜜnìkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [çiɲ̟ikɯ̟]

Adjective

皮(ひ)肉(にく) • (hiniku) -na (adnominal 皮(ひ)肉(にく)な (hiniku na), adverbial 皮(ひ)肉(にく)に (hiniku ni))

ironic

Inflection

Inflection of 皮肉
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	皮肉だろ	ひにくだろ	hiniku daro
Continuative (連用形)	皮肉で	ひにくで	hiniku de
Terminal (終止形)	皮肉だ	ひにくだ	hiniku da
Attributive (連体形)	皮肉な	ひにくな	hiniku na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	皮肉なら	ひにくなら	hiniku nara
Imperative (命令形)	皮肉であれ	ひにくであれ	hiniku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	皮肉ではない皮肉じゃない	ひにくではないひにくじゃない	hiniku de wa nai hiniku ja nai
Informal past	皮肉だった	ひにくだった	hiniku datta
Informal negative past	皮肉ではなかった皮肉じゃなかった	ひにくではなかったひにくじゃなかった	hiniku de wa nakatta hiniku ja nakatta
Formal	皮肉です	ひにくです	hiniku desu
Formal negative	皮肉ではありません皮肉じゃありません	ひにくではありませんひにくじゃありません	hiniku de wa arimasen hiniku ja arimasen
Formal past	皮肉でした	ひにくでした	hiniku deshita
Formal negative past	皮肉ではありませんでした皮肉じゃありませんでした	ひにくではありませんでしたひにくじゃありませんでした	hiniku de wa arimasen deshita hiniku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	皮肉で	ひにくで	hiniku de
Conditional	皮肉なら（ば）	ひにくなら（ば）	hiniku nara (ba)
Provisional	皮肉だったら	ひにくだったら	hiniku dattara
Volitional	皮肉だろう	ひにくだろう	hiniku darō
Adverbial	皮肉に	ひにくに	hiniku ni
Degree	皮肉さ	ひにくさ	hinikusa

Noun

皮(ひ)肉(にく) • (hiniku)

Derived terms

皮肉(ひにく)る (hinikuru)
皮肉屋(ひにくや) (hinikuya)
運命(うんめい　)の皮肉(　ひにく) (unmei no hiniku)

References

^ https://gogen-yurai.jp/hiniku/

Korean

Hanja in this term
皮	肉

Noun

皮肉 • (piyuk) (hangeul 피육)

hanja form^? of 피육

[1] ttps://gogen-yurai.jp/hiniku/

[1]