比例

Chinese

side by side; compare; to gesture
side by side; compare; to gesture; than; ratio
 
example; precedent; rule
example; precedent; rule; case; instance
 
trad. (比例) 比 例
simp. #(比例) 比 例

Etymology

Original sense attestable in Classical Chinese. The mathematics sense is believed to have been coined by Matteo Ricci.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

比例

  1. (mathematics) ratio; proportion
    持股比例  ―  chígǔ bǐlì  ―  equity ratio
    男女比例失衡  ―  nánnǚ bǐlì shīhéng  ―  sex ratio imbalance
  2. proportion; percentage; share
  3. (cartography) scale

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Huang Heqing (黃河清), 利玛窦对汉语的贡献, 2003

Japanese

Kanji in this term
比 例
ひ
Grade: 5 		れい
Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

比(ひ)例(れい) • (hirei) 

  1. proportion, ratio

Derived terms

  • 比(ひ)例(れい)区(く) (hireiku, “proportionally represented constituency”)
  • 比(ひ)例(れい)式(しき) (hireishiki, “proportional expression”)
  • 比(ひ)例(れい)税(ぜい) (hireizei, “proportional tax”)
  • 比(ひ)例(れい)中(ちゅう)項(こう) (hireichūkō, “mean proportional”)
  • 比(ひ)例(れい)配(はい)分(ぶん) (hirei haibun, “proportional distribution”)
  • 比(ひ)例(れい)代(だい)表(ひょう)制(せい) (hirei daihyōsei, “proportional representation”)
  • 名(めい)簿(ぼ)式(しき)比(ひ)例(れい)代(だい)表(ひょう)制(せい) (meibo-shiki hirei daihyōsei, “proportional representation system in which votes are cast for a publicly available list of party members”)
  • 拘(こう)束(そく)名(めい)簿(ぼ)式(しき)比(ひ)例(れい)代(だい)表(ひょう)制(せい) (kōsoku meibo-shiki hirei daihyōsei, “proportional representation electoral system”)
  • 非(ひ)拘(こう)束(そく)名(めい)簿(ぼ)式(しき)比(ひ)例(れい)代(だい)表(ひょう)制(せい) (hikōsoku meibo-shiki hirei daihyōsei, “proportional representation system in which both party and individual votes are cast”)
  • 小(しょう)選(せん)挙(きょ)区(く)比(ひ)例(れい)代(だい)表(ひょう)並(へい)立(りつ)制(せい) (shōsenkyoku hirei daihyō heiritsusei, “electoral system composed of single-seat and multiple-seat constituencies”)
  • 逆(ぎゃく)比(ひ)例(れい) (gyakuhirei, “inverse proportion to”)
  • 正(せい)比(ひ)例(れい) (seihirei, “direct proportion”)
  • 単(たん)比(ひ)例(れい) (tanhirei, “simple proportion”)
  • 定(てい)比(ひ)例(れい) (teihirei, “fixed proportion”)
  • 反(はん)比(ぴ)例(れい) (hanpirei, “inverse proportion”)
  • 複(ふく)比(ひ)例(れい) (fukuhirei, “compound proportion”)
  • 定(てい)比(ひ)例(れい)の法(ほう)則(そく) (teihirei no hōsoku, “law of definite proportions”)
  • 倍(ばい)数(すう)比(ひ)例(れい)の法(ほう)則(そく) (baisū hirei no hōsoku, “law of multiple proportions”)

Verb

比(ひ)例(れい)する • (hirei suru) suru (stem 比(ひ)例(れい)し (hirei shi), past 比(ひ)例(れい)した (hirei shita))

  1. be proportional, be in proportion

Usage notes

Often this verb is used in the past tense, 比(ひ)例(れい)した (hirei shita), to mean "commensurate" or "proportionate", or in the -te form 比(ひ)例(れい)して (hirei shite) to mean "in proportion." As such it expresses concepts with a verb that are usually expressed with other parts of speech in English.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "比例する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 比例し ひれいし hirei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 比例し ひれいし hirei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 比例する ひれいする hirei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 比例する ひれいする hirei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 比例すれ ひれいすれ hirei sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 比例せよ¹
比例しろ² 		ひれいせよ¹
ひれいしろ² 		hirei seyo¹
hirei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 比例される ひれいされる hirei sareru
Causative 比例させる
比例さす 		ひれいさせる
ひれいさす 		hirei saseru
hirei sasu
Potential 比例できる ひれいできる hirei dekiru
Volitional 比例しよう ひれいしよう hirei shiyō
Negative 比例しない ひれいしない hirei shinai
Negative continuative 比例せず ひれいせず hirei sezu
Formal 比例します ひれいします hirei shimasu
Perfective 比例した ひれいした hirei shita
Conjunctive 比例して ひれいして hirei shite
Hypothetical conditional 比例すれば ひれいすれば hirei sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 “比例”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

Hanja in this term
比例

Noun

比例 • (birye) (hangeul 비례)

  1. hanja form? of 비례 (“proportion; proportionality”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
比例

Noun

比例

  1. chữ Hán form of tỉ lệ (“proportion; ratio”)
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