替える

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
替
か Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Cognate with 変(か)える (kaeru), 代(か)える (kaeru) and 換(か)える (kaeru).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かえる [kàérú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

替(か)える • (kaeru) ^{←かへる (kaferu)^?}transitive ichidan (stem 替(か)え (kae), past 替(か)えた (kaeta))

Japanese verb pair
active	替(か)える
mediopassive	替(か)わる

to substitute, to replace

Conjugation

Conjugation of "替える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	替え	かえ	kae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	替え	かえ	kae
Shūshikei ("terminal")	替える	かえる	kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	替える	かえる	kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	替えれ	かえれ	kaere
Meireikei ("imperative")	替えよ¹ 替えろ²	かえよ¹ かえろ²	kaeyo¹ kaero²
Key constructions
Passive	替えられる	かえられる	kaerareru
Causative	替えさせる替えさす	かえさせるかえさす	kaesaseru kaesasu
Potential	替えられる替えれる³	かえられるかえれる³	kaerareru kaereru³
Volitional	替えよう	かえよう	kaeyō
Negative	替えない替えぬ替えん	かえないかえぬかえん	kaenai kaenu kaen
Negative continuative	替えず	かえず	kaezu
Formal	替えます	かえます	kaemasu
Perfective	替えた	かえた	kaeta
Conjunctive	替えて	かえて	kaete
Hypothetical conditional	替えれば	かえれば	kaereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Related terms

替(か)わる (kawaru): to be substituted, to be replaced

References

^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“替える”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026