昆明

Chinese

		descendant; elder brother	clear; bright; to understand clear; bright; to understand; next; the Ming dynasty
trad. (昆明)		昆	明
simp. ^#(昆明)		昆	明

Etymology

Originally the endonym of an ethnic group (sense #2). As a place name, first attested in the 13th century.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Kūnmíng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣㄇㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan¹ ming⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Kûn-mìn

(Hailu, HRS): kun^ˋ min

(Meixian, Guangdong): kun¹ min²
Eastern Min (BUC): Kŏng-mìng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kong¹ ming² / kuong¹ ming²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Khun-bêng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kung¹ mêng⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khuen-min

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Kūnmíng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣㄇㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Kunmíng
  - Wade–Giles: Kʻun¹-ming²
  - Yale: Kwūn-míng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kuenming
  - Palladius: Куньмин (Kunʹmin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kwan¹ ming⁴
  - Yale: kwān mìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwan¹ ming⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: kuen¹ ming⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Kûn-mìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: gun^ˊ min^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gun¹ min²
  - Sinological IPA: /kun²⁴ min¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kun^ˋ min
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁵³ min⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kun¹ min²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Kŏng-mìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kong¹ ming² [Phonetic: kong⁵ ming²]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Keong-míng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kuong¹ ming² [Phonetic: kuong⁵ ming²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khun-bêng
  - Tâi-lô: Khun-bîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qunbeeng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kung¹ mêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khung mêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹khuen-min
  - MiniDict: khuen^平 min
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khun-min
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰuən⁵⁵ min²¹/

Proper noun

昆明

(～市) Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)
(historical) Kunming Yi (an ancient nomadic tribe, living predominantly in mountainous areas in Southeast China since at least Han dynasty, considered to be the ancestors of the Yi people)
Hypernym: 西南夷 (Xīnányí)
- 嶲、昆明，皆編髮，隨畜遷徙，毋常處，毋君長，地方可數千里。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  嶲、昆明，皆编发，随畜迁徙，毋常处，毋君长，地方可数千里。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Xī, Kūnmíng, jiē biānfà, suí chù qiānxǐ, wú cháng chù, wú jūn zhǎng, dìfāng kě shùqiānlǐ. [Pinyin]
  The people of Xi (or Sui) and Kunming all braid their hair and move from place to place with their herds of animals, having no fixed homes and no chieftains. Their lands measure several thousand li square.

Derived terms

昆明劫灰
昆明山海棠 (Kūnmíng shānhǎitáng)
昆明池
昆明湖 (Kūnmíng Hú)
昆明灰

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (昆明):

→ Japanese: 昆(こん)明(めい) (Konmei)
→ Korean: 곤명(昆明) (Gonmyeong)
→ Vietnamese: Côn Minh (昆明)

→ English: Kunming, K'un-ming
→ Hungarian: Kunming
→ Korean: 쿤밍 (kunming)
→ Portuguese: Kunming
→ Russian: Куньми́н (Kunʹmín)
→ Spanish: Kunming

Japanese

Kanji in this term
昆	明
こん Grade: S	めい Grade: 2
on'yomi

Proper noun

昆(こん)明(めい) • (Konmei)

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)

Korean

Hanja in this term
昆	明

Proper noun

昆明 • (Gonmyeong) (hangeul 곤명)

hanja form^? of 곤명 (“Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
昆	明

Proper noun

昆明

chữ Hán form of Côn Minh (“Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)”)