敗北

See also: 败北

Chinese

		to be defeated	to be defeated
trad. (敗北)		敗	北
simp. (败北)		败	北

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bàiběi

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄟˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): baai⁶ bak¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pāi-pok / pāi-pak
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ba-poq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bàiběi
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄟˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bàiběi
  - Wade–Giles: pai⁴-pei³
  - Yale: bài-běi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baybeei
  - Palladius: байбэй (bajbɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paɪ̯⁵¹ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: baai⁶ bak¹
  - Yale: baaih bāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: baai⁶ bak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: bai⁶ beg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paːi̯²² pɐk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-pok
  - Tâi-lô: pāi-pok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: paixpog
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ pɔk̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ pɔk̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pai⁴¹⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pai²²⁻²¹ pɔk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-pak
  - Tâi-lô: pāi-pak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: paixpag
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ pak̚³²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ba-poq
  - MiniDict: ba^去 poh
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ba-poq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ba²² poʔ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: baejH pok

Rime
Character	敗	北
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	夬 (29)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	薄邁切	博墨切
Baxter	baejH	pok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠai^H/	/pək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚai^H/	/pək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/bai^H/	/pək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baɨjs^H/	/pək̚/
Li Rong	/bai^H/	/pək̚/
Wang Li	/bæi^H/	/pək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱai^H/	/pək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bài	bo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	baai⁶	bak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-pˤra[t]-s pˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*braːds pɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敗	北
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bài	běi
Middle Chinese	‹ bæj^H ›	‹ pok ›
Old Chinese	/*N-pˁra[t]-s/	/*pˁək/
English	suffer defeat	north
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敗	北
Reading #	2/2	1/1
No.	422	414
Phonetic component	貝	北
Rime group	祭	職
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	敗	北
Old Chinese	/*braːds/	/*pɯːɡ/

Verb

敗北

to be defeated; to suffer defeat; to lose a battle

Synonyms

失敗 / 失败 (shībài)
打敗 / 打败 (dǎbài)
拍輸 / 拍输 (Hokkien)
敗軍 / 败军 (bàijūn) (literary)
落敗 / 落败 (luòbài)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (敗北):

→ Japanese: 敗北(はいぼく) (haiboku)
→ Korean: 패배(敗北) (paebae)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
敗	北
はい Grade: 4	ほく > ぼく Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はいぼく [hàíbókú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ibo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

敗(はい)北(ぼく) • (haiboku)

defeat, loss

Antonyms

勝(しょう)利(り) (shōri, “victory, win”)

Verb

敗(はい)北(ぼく)する • (haiboku suru) suru (stem 敗(はい)北(ぼく)し (haiboku shi), past 敗(はい)北(ぼく)した (haiboku shita))

be defeated; lose

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "敗北する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	敗北し	はいぼくし	haiboku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	敗北し	はいぼくし	haiboku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	敗北する	はいぼくする	haiboku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	敗北する	はいぼくする	haiboku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	敗北すれ	はいぼくすれ	haiboku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	敗北せよ¹ 敗北しろ²	はいぼくせよ¹ はいぼくしろ²	haiboku seyo¹ haiboku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	敗北される	はいぼくされる	haiboku sareru
Causative	敗北させる敗北さす	はいぼくさせるはいぼくさす	haiboku saseru haiboku sasu
Potential	敗北できる	はいぼくできる	haiboku dekiru
Volitional	敗北しよう	はいぼくしよう	haiboku shiyō
Negative	敗北しない	はいぼくしない	haiboku shinai
Negative continuative	敗北せず	はいぼくせず	haiboku sezu
Formal	敗北します	はいぼくします	haiboku shimasu
Perfective	敗北した	はいぼくした	haiboku shita
Conjunctive	敗北して	はいぼくして	haiboku shite
Hypothetical conditional	敗北すれば	はいぼくすれば	haiboku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“敗北”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026