放棄

See also: 放弃

Chinese

		to release; to free; to let go to release; to free; to let go; to put; to place; to let out	abandon; relinquish; to discard abandon; relinquish; to discard; to throw away
trad. (放棄)		放	棄
simp. (放弃)		放	弃

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fàngqì

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˋ ㄑㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fong³ hei³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fong-hi / piong-hi

(Hailu, HRS): fong^ˇ hi^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): fong⁴ hi⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): huóng-ké
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hòng-khì / pàng-khì

(Teochew, Peng'im): huang³ ki³ / bang³ ki³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fàngqì
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˋ ㄑㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fàngcì
  - Wade–Giles: fang⁴-chʻi⁴
  - Yale: fàng-chì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fanqchih
  - Palladius: фанци (fanci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    放棄 / 放弃
    放氣 / 放气
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fong³ hei³
  - Yale: fong hei
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong³ hei³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong³ héi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ³³ hei̯³³/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    放棄 / 放弃
    放氣 / 放气
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fong-hi
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong hi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong⁴ hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fong-hi / piong-hi
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong hi / biong hi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong⁴ hi⁴ / biong⁴ hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/, /pi̯oŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong^ˇ hi^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹ hi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fong⁴ hi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hi⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huóng-ké
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(kʰ-)ŋɛi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòng-khì
  - Tâi-lô: hòng-khì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: horngqix
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Singapore): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁴² kʰi²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pàng-khì
  - Tâi-lô: pàng-khì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: parngqix
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Singapore): /paŋ²¹⁻⁴² kʰi²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /paŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huang³ ki³ / bang³ ki³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huàng khì / pàng khì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰi²¹³/, /paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰi²¹³/

Verb

放棄

to give up; to renounce; to abandon
放棄搶救／放弃抢救 ― fàngqì qiǎngjiù ― to give up resuscitation

放棄治療／放弃治疗 ― fàngqì zhìliáo ― to give up treatment

食咗兩啖就放棄 [Cantonese, trad.]
食咗两啖就放弃 [Cantonese, simp.]
sik⁶ zo² loeng⁵ daam⁶ zau⁶ fong³ hei³ [Jyutping]
ate two bites before giving up

唔使放棄住／唔使放弃住 [Cantonese] ― m⁴ sai² fong³ hei³ zyu⁶ [Jyutping] ― you don't need to give up yet

Synonyms

edit

丟掉 / 丢掉 (diūdiào)
丟棄 / 丢弃 (diūqì)
割 (literary, or in compounds)
割捨 / 割舍 (gēshě) (literary)
屏棄 / 屏弃 (bǐngqì)
廢棄 / 废弃 (fèiqì)
扔掉 (rēngdiào)
扔棄 / 扔弃 (rēngqì)
拋 / 抛 (pāo)
㧒捔 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
㧒捒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
拋棄 / 抛弃 (pāoqì)
挕㧒捔 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
挕捒 (Hokkien)
挕擲捒 / 挕掷捒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
捐 (literary, or in compounds)
捨去 / 舍去 (shěqù) (literary)
捨棄 / 舍弃 (shěqì)
揕捒 (Hokkien)
揚棄 / 扬弃 (yángqì)
摒捒 (Hokkien)
摒棄 / 摒弃 (bìngqì)
擯棄 / 摈弃 (bìnqì)
擯除 / 摈除 (bìnchú)
擲㧒捔 / 掷㧒捔 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
擲捒 / 掷捒 (Hokkien)
放捒 (Hokkien)
放生 (Singapore Hokkien)
棄絕 / 弃绝 (qìjué) (literary)
犧牲 / 牺牲 (xīshēng) (figurative)
甩捒 (Hokkien)
甩掉 (shuǎidiào)
遺棄 / 遗弃 (yíqì)
離棄 / 离弃 (líqì)

Antonyms

堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
放	棄
ほう Grade: 3	き Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
抛棄

Etymology

From earlier 抛棄 (hōki). 放 (hō, “to release, to set free”) is a daiyōji replacing 抛 (hō, “to throw, to hurl”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ほーき [hóꜜòkì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ho̞ːkʲi]

Noun

放(ほう)棄(き) • (hōki) ^{←はうき (fauki)^?}

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “giving up”): 維(い)持(じ) (iji), 護(ご)持(じ) (goji, “maintenance”)
(antonym(s) of “renunciation”): 獲(かく)得(とく) (kakutoku, “acquisition”); 簒(さん)奪(だつ) (sandatsu), 横(よこ)取(ど)り (yokodori, “arrogation”)

Verb

放(ほう)棄(き)する • (hōki suru) ^{←はうき (fauki)^?}transitive suru (stem 放(ほう)棄(き)し (hōki shi), past 放(ほう)棄(き)した (hōki shita))

to abandon, to give up
核(かく)施(し)設(せつ)を放(ほう)棄(き)する
kaku shisetsu o hōki suru
to abandon a nuclear plant
to abandon, to renounce, to relinquish
自治(じち)を放(ほう)棄(き)する
jichi o hōki suru
to renounce autonomy

Conjugation

Conjugation of "放棄する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	放棄し	ほうきし	hōki shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	放棄し	ほうきし	hōki shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	放棄する	ほうきする	hōki suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	放棄する	ほうきする	hōki suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	放棄すれ	ほうきすれ	hōki sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	放棄せよ¹ 放棄しろ²	ほうきせよ¹ ほうきしろ²	hōki seyo¹ hōki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	放棄される	ほうきされる	hōki sareru
Causative	放棄させる放棄さす	ほうきさせるほうきさす	hōki saseru hōki sasu
Potential	放棄できる	ほうきできる	hōki dekiru
Volitional	放棄しよう	ほうきしよう	hōki shiyō
Negative	放棄しない	ほうきしない	hōki shinai
Negative continuative	放棄せず	ほうきせず	hōki sezu
Formal	放棄します	ほうきします	hōki shimasu
Perfective	放棄した	ほうきした	hōki shita
Conjunctive	放棄して	ほうきして	hōki shite
Hypothetical conditional	放棄すれば	ほうきすれば	hōki sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

(give up): 棄(す)てる (suteru)
(renounce): 手(て)放(ばな)す (tebanasu)

Derived terms

育(いく)児(じ)放(ほう)棄(き) (ikujihōki)
権(けん)利(り)放(ほう)棄(き) (kenrihōki)
耕(こう)作(さく)放(ほう)棄(き) (kōsakuhōki)
債(さい)権(けん)放(ほう)棄(き) (saikenhōki)
戦(せん)争(そう)放(ほう)棄(き) (sensōhōki)
相(そう)続(ぞく)放(ほう)棄(き) (sōzokuhōki)
養(よう)育(いく)放(ほう)棄(き) (yōikuhōki)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“放棄”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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