攻城

Chinese

		to attack; to accuse; to study	city walls; city; town
simp. and trad. (攻城)		攻	城

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gōngchéng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥㄔㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹ sing⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kûng-sàng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-siâⁿ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gōngchéng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥㄔㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gongchéng
  - Wade–Giles: kung¹-chʻêng²
  - Yale: gūng-chéng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongcherng
  - Palladius: гунчэн (gunčɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    宮城 / 宫城
    工程
    攻城
    功成
    恭城
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gung¹ sing⁴
  - Yale: gūng sìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹ sing⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung¹ xing⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    攻城
    恭城
    功成
    宮城 / 宫城
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-sàng
  - Hakka Romanization System: gung^ˊ sang^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gung¹ sang²
  - Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ saŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-siâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kong-siânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongsviaa
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ siã²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

Middle Chinese: kuwng|kowng dzyeng

Rime
Character	攻	攻	城
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	冬 (5)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	III
Fanqie	古紅切	古冬切	是征切
Baxter	kuwng	kowng	dzyeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuŋ/	/kuoŋ/	/d͡ʑiᴇŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kuŋ/	/kuoŋ/	/d͡ʑiɛŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kuŋ/	/koŋ/	/d͡ʑiæŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəwŋ/	/kawŋ/	/d͡ʑiajŋ/
Li Rong	/kuŋ/	/koŋ/	/ʑiɛŋ/
Wang Li	/kuŋ/	/kuoŋ/	/ʑĭɛŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuŋ/	/kuoŋ/	/ʑi̯ɛŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gōng	gōng	chéng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung¹	gung¹	sing⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ [d]eŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ|kuːŋ djeŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	攻	城
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gōng	chéng
Middle Chinese	‹ kuwng ›	‹ dzyeng ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁoŋ/	/*[d]eŋ/
English	attack	city wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	攻	攻	城
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	4027	4065	1418
Phonetic component	工	工	成
Rime group	東	終	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	公	攻	成
Old Chinese	/*koːŋ/	/*kuːŋ/	/*djeŋ/

Verb

攻城

to attack a city; to besiege

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (攻城):

→ Japanese: 攻(こう)城(じょう) (kōjō)
→ Korean: 공성(攻城) (gongseong)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
攻	城
こう Grade: S	じょう Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko̞ːʑo̞ː]

Noun

攻(こう)城(じょう) • (kōjō)

siege

Verb

攻(こう)城(じょう)する • (kōjō suru) suru (stem 攻(こう)城(じょう)し (kōjō shi), past 攻(こう)城(じょう)した (kōjō shita))

to besiege / to attack a city

Conjugation

Conjugation of "攻城する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	攻城し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	攻城し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	攻城する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	攻城する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	攻城すれ	こうじょうすれ	kōjō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	攻城せよ¹ 攻城しろ²	こうじょうせよ¹ こうじょうしろ²	kōjō seyo¹ kōjō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	攻城される	こうじょうされる	kōjō sareru
Causative	攻城させる攻城さす	こうじょうさせるこうじょうさす	kōjō saseru kōjō sasu
Potential	攻城できる	こうじょうできる	kōjō dekiru
Volitional	攻城しよう	こうじょうしよう	kōjō shiyō
Negative	攻城しない	こうじょうしない	kōjō shinai
Negative continuative	攻城せず	こうじょうせず	kōjō sezu
Formal	攻城します	こうじょうします	kōjō shimasu
Perfective	攻城した	こうじょうした	kōjō shita
Conjunctive	攻城して	こうじょうして	kōjō shite
Hypothetical conditional	攻城すれば	こうじょうすれば	kōjō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
攻	城

Noun

攻城 • (gongseong) (hangeul 공성)

hanja form^? of 공성 (“siege”)