批准

Chinese

		to ascertain; (measure word for batches, lots); to act on to ascertain; (measure word for batches, lots); to act on; to criticize; to pass on	to allow; to grant; to permit to allow; to grant; to permit; accurate; standard
trad. (批准)		批	准
simp. ^#(批准)		批	准

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pīzhǔn

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄓㄨㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pai¹ zeon²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): phî-chún

(Hailu, HRS): pi^ˋ zhun^ˊ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): phoe-chún / phe-chún

(Teochew, Peng'im): poi¹ zung²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pīzhǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄓㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pijhǔn
  - Wade–Giles: pʻi¹-chun³
  - Yale: pī-jwǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pijoen
  - Palladius: пичжунь (pičžunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pai¹ zeon²
  - Yale: pāi jéun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pai¹ dzoen²
  - Guangdong Romanization: pei¹ zên²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phî-chún
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi^ˊ zun^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pi¹ zun³
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi²⁴ t͡sun³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi^ˋ zhun^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi⁵³ t͡ʃun²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phoe-chún
  - Tâi-lô: phue-tsún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoezuon
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰue³³ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /pʰue⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phe-chún
  - Tâi-lô: phe-tsún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phezuon
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: poi¹ zung²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phoi tsúng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰoi³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ⁵²/

Verb

批准

to approve; to ratify; to sanction

Synonyms

edit

允諾 / 允诺 (yǔnnuò)
同意 (tóngyì)
壋頭 / 垱头 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, figurative)
應 / 应 (yīng)
承認 / 承认 (chéngrèn)
擁護 / 拥护 (yōnghù)
答應 / 答应 (dāyìng)
認可 / 认可 (rènkě)
認同 / 认同 (rèntóng)
贊同 / 赞同 (zàntóng)
贊成 / 赞成 (zànchéng)
附合 (fùhé) (literary, to echo)
附和 (fùhè) (to echo)
附議 / 附议 (fùyì)
首肯 (shǒukěn) (literary)
點頭 / 点头 (diǎntóu) (figurative)

Antonyms

edit

回絕 / 回绝 (huíjué)
屏絕 / 屏绝 (bǐngjué)
拒 (jù) (formal, or in compounds)
拒絕 / 拒绝 (jùjué)
摒絕 / 摒绝 (bìngjué)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
批	准
ひ Grade: 6	じゅん Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひじゅん [hìjúń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [çiʑɨ̃ɴ]

Noun

批(ひ)准(じゅん) • (hijun)

ratification

Verb

批(ひ)准(じゅん)する • (hijun suru) transitive suru (stem 批(ひ)准(じゅん)し (hijun shi), past 批(ひ)准(じゅん)した (hijun shita))

ratify
新核軍縮条約(しんかくぐんしゅくじょうやく)が批准(ひじゅん)される見通(みとお)しとなった。
Shin-kakugunshuku jōyaku ga hijun sareru mitōshi to natta.
The new START treaty is set to be ratified.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "批准する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	批准し	ひじゅんし	hijun shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	批准し	ひじゅんし	hijun shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	批准する	ひじゅんする	hijun suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	批准する	ひじゅんする	hijun suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	批准すれ	ひじゅんすれ	hijun sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	批准せよ¹ 批准しろ²	ひじゅんせよ¹ ひじゅんしろ²	hijun seyo¹ hijun shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	批准される	ひじゅんされる	hijun sareru
Causative	批准させる批准さす	ひじゅんさせるひじゅんさす	hijun saseru hijun sasu
Potential	批准できる	ひじゅんできる	hijun dekiru
Volitional	批准しよう	ひじゅんしよう	hijun shiyō
Negative	批准しない	ひじゅんしない	hijun shinai
Negative continuative	批准せず	ひじゅんせず	hijun sezu
Formal	批准します	ひじゅんします	hijun shimasu
Perfective	批准した	ひじゅんした	hijun shita
Conjunctive	批准して	ひじゅんして	hijun shite
Hypothetical conditional	批准すれば	ひじゅんすれば	hijun sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“批准”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[DJR4-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK8-2] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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