懺悔

See also: 忏悔

Chinese

	feel remorse; regret; repent	regret
trad. (懺悔)	懺	悔
simp. (忏悔)	忏	悔
alternative forms	讖悔／谶悔

Etymology

Combination of abbreviated Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā, “pardon, forgiveness”) 懺 + native Chinese 悔 (“regret”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chànhuǐ

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄟˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): caam³ fui³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhàm-hóe
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tshe-hue

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chànhuǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄟˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chànhuěi
  - Wade–Giles: chʻan⁴-hui³
  - Yale: chàn-hwěi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: channhoei
  - Palladius: чаньхуэй (čanʹxuej)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: caam³ fui³
  - Yale: chaam fui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam³ fui³
  - Guangdong Romanization: cam³ fui³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm³³ fuːi̯³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhàm-hóe
  - Tâi-lô: tshàm-hué
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zharmhoea
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tshe-hue
  - MiniDict: tshe^去 hue
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tshe-hue
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³³ hue⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsrhaemH xwojX|xwojH

Rime
Character	懺	悔	悔
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	初 (19)	曉 (32)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)	灰 (42)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	II	I	I
Fanqie	楚鑑切	呼罪切	荒内切
Baxter	tsrhaemH	xwojX	xwojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ʃʰˠam^H/	/huʌi^X/	/huʌi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚam^H/	/huoi^X/	/huoi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ʃʰam^H/	/xuɒi^X/	/xuɒi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨm^H/	/hwəj^X/	/hwəj^H/
Li Rong	/t͡ʃʰam^H/	/xuᴀi^X/	/xuᴀi^H/
Wang Li	/t͡ʃʰam^H/	/xuɒi^X/	/xuɒi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʈ͡ʂʰam^H/	/xuɑ̆i^X/	/xuɑ̆i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chàn	huǐ	huì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam³	fui²	fui³

Verb

懺悔

to make confession
to repent one's sins

Usage notes

懺悔／忏悔 (chànhuǐ) can be used to refer to both the Buddhist and Catholic tradition of confession and repentance.

Derived terms

懺悔室 / 忏悔室 (chànhuǐshì)
懺悔星期二 / 忏悔星期二
懺悔錄 / 忏悔录

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (懺悔):

→ Japanese: 懺悔(さんげ) (sange); 懺悔(ざんげ) (zange)
→ Korean: 참회(懺悔) (chamhoe)
→ Vietnamese: sám hối (懺悔)

References

周长楫 [Zhōu, Chángjí], editor (2006), “忏悔”, in 闽南方言大词典 MINNAN FANGYAN DA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Southern Min dialects] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Fuzhou: 福建人民出版社 [Fujian People's Publishing House], →ISBN, page 759.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
懺	悔
さん Hyōgai	け > げ Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spellings
懺悔 (kyūjitai) 懴悔

Kanji in this term
懺	悔
ざん Hyōgai	け > げ Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spellings
懺悔 (kyūjitai) 懴悔

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さんげ [sáꜜǹgè] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [sã̠ŋɡe̞]

(Tokyo) ざんげ [záꜜǹgè] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
(Tokyo) ざんげ [zàńgéꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [d͡zã̠ŋɡe̞]

Noun

懺(さん)悔(げ) or 懺悔(せんげ) • (sange or senge)

(Buddhism) repentance

Noun

懺(ざん)悔(げ) • (zange)

confession and repentance in Christianity and other religions
confession to another person

Verb

懺(さん)悔(げ)する or 懺悔(せんげ)する • (sange suru or senge suru) suru (stem 懺(さん)悔(げ)し (sange shi), past 懺(さん)悔(げ)した (sange shita))

(Buddhism) confess

懺(ざん)悔(げ)する • (zange suru) suru (stem 懺(ざん)悔(げ)し (zange shi), past 懺(ざん)悔(げ)した (zange shita))

confess and repent in Christianity and other religions
confess to another person

Conjugation

Conjugation of "懺悔する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	懺悔し	さんげし	sange shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	懺悔し	さんげし	sange shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	懺悔する	さんげする	sange suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	懺悔する	さんげする	sange suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	懺悔すれ	さんげすれ	sange sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	懺悔せよ¹ 懺悔しろ²	さんげせよ¹ さんげしろ²	sange seyo¹ sange shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	懺悔される	さんげされる	sange sareru
Causative	懺悔させる懺悔さす	さんげさせるさんげさす	sange saseru sange sasu
Potential	懺悔できる	さんげできる	sange dekiru
Volitional	懺悔しよう	さんげしよう	sange shiyō
Negative	懺悔しない	さんげしない	sange shinai
Negative continuative	懺悔せず	さんげせず	sange sezu
Formal	懺悔します	さんげします	sange shimasu
Perfective	懺悔した	さんげした	sange shita
Conjunctive	懺悔して	さんげして	sange shite
Hypothetical conditional	懺悔すれば	さんげすれば	sange sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“^▲懺^△悔”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
懺	悔

Noun

懺悔 • (chamhoe) (hangeul 참회)

hanja form^? of 참회 (“confession, repentance”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
懺	悔

Noun

懺悔

chữ Hán form of sám hối (“to repent [in Sanskrit is Kṣamayati (क्षमयति)], to show repentance”)

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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