寒冷

Chinese

		cold; poor; to tremble	cold
trad. (寒冷)		寒	冷
simp. ^#(寒冷)		寒	冷

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hánlěng

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ ㄌㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hon⁴ laang⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn-lâng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hân-léng / kôaⁿ-léng

(Teochew, Peng'im): hang⁵ nên²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hánlěng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄌㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hánlěng
  - Wade–Giles: han²-lêng³
  - Yale: hán-lěng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harnleeng
  - Palladius: ханьлэн (xanʹlɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hon⁴ laang⁵
  - Yale: hòhn láahng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hon⁴ laang⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: hon⁴ lang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːn²¹ laːŋ¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn-lâng
  - Hakka Romanization System: hon^ˇ lang^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hon² lang¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹ laŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân-léng
  - Tâi-lô: hân-líng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hanleang
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /han²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /han²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /han²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôaⁿ-léng
  - Tâi-lô: kuânn-líng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaleang
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hang⁵ nên²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng néⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nẽ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: han laengX|lengX

Rime
Character	寒	冷	冷
Reading #	1/1	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	庚 (109)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II	IV
Fanqie	胡安切	魯打切	力鼎切
Baxter	han	laengX	lengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑn/	/lˠæŋ^X/	/leŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑn/	/lᵚaŋ^X/	/leŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑn/	/laŋ^X/	/lɛŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦan/	/laɨjŋ^X/	/lɛjŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣɑn/	/lɐŋ^X/	/leŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ɣɑn/	/lɐŋ^X/	/lieŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑn/	/lɐŋ^X/	/lieŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hán	lěng	lǐng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hon⁴	lang⁵	ling⁵

Adjective

寒冷

(weather) cold; freezing
室外非常寒冷，大家都把身體蜷縮起來保暖。 [MSC, trad.]
室外非常寒冷，大家都把身体蜷缩起来保暖。 [MSC, simp.]
Shìwài fēicháng hánlěng, dàjiā dōu bǎ shēntǐ quánsuō qǐlai bǎonuǎn. [Pinyin]
It's freezing outside, everyone huddle together to keep warm.

Synonyms

edit

凜凜 / 凛凛 (lǐnlǐn) (literary)
嚴寒 / 严寒 (yánhán)
死寒 (Xiamen Hokkien)
淒寒 / 凄寒 (qīhán)

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Singapore	冷
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	冷
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	冷
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冷
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	冷
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Gan	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Northern Min	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Southern Min	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	寒, 寒人 weather, 冰 objects, 凊, 冷
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Lishui	冷
	Jinhua	冷
	Yushan	凊
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Antonyms

酷暑 (kùshǔ)
炎熱／炎热 (yánrè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (寒冷):

→ Japanese: 寒冷(かんれい) (kanrei)
→ Korean: 한랭(寒冷) (hallaeng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
寒	冷
かん Grade: 3	れい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Adjective

寒(かん)冷(れい) • (kanrei) -na (adnominal 寒(かん)冷(れい)な (kanrei na), adverbial 寒(かん)冷(れい)に (kanrei ni))

cold
- 1948, 海野十三, 三十年後の世界:
  表面(ひょうめん)は寒冷(かんれい)でも中(なか)はずっと暖(あたた)かいからね。
  Hyōmen wa kanrei demo naka wa zutto atatakai kara ne.
  The surface is cold but the inside is always warm, you see.

Inflection

Inflection of 寒冷
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	寒冷だろ	かんれいだろ	kanrei daro
Continuative (連用形)	寒冷で	かんれいで	kanrei de
Terminal (終止形)	寒冷だ	かんれいだ	kanrei da
Attributive (連体形)	寒冷な	かんれいな	kanrei na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	寒冷なら	かんれいなら	kanrei nara
Imperative (命令形)	寒冷であれ	かんれいであれ	kanrei de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	寒冷ではない寒冷じゃない	かんれいではないかんれいじゃない	kanrei de wa nai kanrei ja nai
Informal past	寒冷だった	かんれいだった	kanrei datta
Informal negative past	寒冷ではなかった寒冷じゃなかった	かんれいではなかったかんれいじゃなかった	kanrei de wa nakatta kanrei ja nakatta
Formal	寒冷です	かんれいです	kanrei desu
Formal negative	寒冷ではありません寒冷じゃありません	かんれいではありませんかんれいじゃありません	kanrei de wa arimasen kanrei ja arimasen
Formal past	寒冷でした	かんれいでした	kanrei deshita
Formal negative past	寒冷ではありませんでした寒冷じゃありませんでした	かんれいではありませんでしたかんれいじゃありませんでした	kanrei de wa arimasen deshita kanrei ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	寒冷で	かんれいで	kanrei de
Conditional	寒冷なら（ば）	かんれいなら（ば）	kanrei nara (ba)
Provisional	寒冷だったら	かんれいだったら	kanrei dattara
Volitional	寒冷だろう	かんれいだろう	kanrei darō
Adverbial	寒冷に	かんれいに	kanrei ni
Degree	寒冷さ	かんれいさ	kanreisa

Noun

寒(かん)冷(れい) • (kanrei)

chill, chilliness

References

“寒冷”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026