壁

See also: 璧
壁 U+58C1, 壁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58C1
← 壀
[U+58C0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 壂 →
[U+58C2]

Translingual

Han character

壁 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 尸十土 (SJG), four-corner 70104, composition ⿱辟土)

Derived characters

  • 𫤃, 𢸵, 𤃎, 𧕀, 𬩮, 𧂸, 𫕶, 𠫀, 𬐀

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5516
  • Dae Jaweon: page 479, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 494, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+58C1

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 壁
2nd round simp. 坒

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (辟) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嬖 *peːɡs
薜 *beːɡs, *preːɡ
鐾 *beːɡs
臂 *peɡs
譬 *pʰeɡs
避 *beɡs
檗 *preːɡ
擘 *preːɡ
糪 *preːɡ, *pʰreːɡ
掰 *preːɡ
繴 *breːɡ, *peːɡ
辟 *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ
璧 *peɡ
鐴 *peɡ
躄 *peɡ
襞 *peɡ
僻 *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ
癖 *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ
廦 *pʰeɡ, *peːɡ
擗 *beɡ
躃 *beɡ
闢 *beɡ
壁 *peːɡ
鼊 *peːɡ
霹 *pʰeːɡ
劈 *pʰeːɡ
澼 *pʰeːɡ
憵 *pʰeːɡ
甓 *beːɡ
鷿 *beːɡ
幦 *mbeːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *peːɡ): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) – an earthen wall.

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Tocharian *pəkənte (“hindering, obstacle”).[1]

Pronunciation

Note:
  • bik1 - literary;
  • bek3 - vernacular (limited);
  • bik3 - rare variant.
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • biag5 - vernacular;
    • bid5 - literary.
Note:
  • biă - vernacular;
  • bĭ - literary.
  • Eastern Min
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: biáh / biéh / bék
      • Sinological IPA (key): /piɑʔ²⁴/, /piɛʔ²⁴/, /pɛiʔ²⁴/
Note:
  • biáh/biéh - vernacular;
  • bék - literary.
Note:
  • piah - vernacular;
  • pek/piak - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 壁
Mandarin Beijing /pi⁵¹/
Harbin /pi⁵³/
Tianjin /pi⁵³/
Jinan /pi²¹/
Qingdao /pi⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /pi³¹²/
Xi'an /pi²¹/
Xining /pji⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /pi¹³/
Lanzhou /pi¹³/
Ürümqi /pi²¹³/
Wuhan /pi²¹³/
Chengdu /pi³¹/
Guiyang /pi²¹/
Kunming /pi³¹/
Nanjing /piʔ⁵/
Hefei /piəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /piəʔ²/
Pingyao /piʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /piəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /piɪʔ⁵/
Suzhou /piəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /piəʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /pi²¹³/
Hui Shexian /piʔ²¹/
Tunxi /pi⁵/
Xiang Changsha /pi²⁴/
/pia²⁴/
Xiangtan /piɒ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /piɑʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /piak̚¹/
Taoyuan /piɑk̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /pek̚⁵/
Nanning /pek̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /pik̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pik̚³²/
/piaʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /piɛʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pi²⁴/
/pia²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /piaʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔbek̚⁵/
/ʔbia⁵⁵/
Rime
Character 壁
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 錫 (127)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 北激切
Baxter pek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pek̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pek̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/pɛk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/pɛjk̚/
Li
Rong 		/pek̚/
Wang
Li 		/piek̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/piek̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		bik1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 壁
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pek ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.pˁek/
English house wall

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 壁
Reading # 1/1
No. 688
Phonetic
component 		辟
Rime
group 		錫
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		壁
Old
Chinese 		/*peːɡ/

Definitions

壁

  1. wall; partition (Classifier: 扇 h; 堵 mn)
    牆壁／墙壁  ―  qiángbì  ―  wall
  2. rampart; defensive wall
    壁壘／壁垒  ―  bìlěi  ―  rampart; barrier
  3. cliff; precipice
    峭壁  ―  qiàobì  ―  cliff; steep
  4. something resembling a wall; lumen; surface
  5. (astronomy) (～宿) Wall (Chinese constellation)

Synonyms

  • (wall):
Dialectal synonyms of 牆 (“wall”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 牆, 壁, 垣墉
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 牆, 牆壁, 牆垣
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 牆
Taiwan 牆
Singapore 牆壁
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 牆
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 牆
Xi'an 牆
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 牆, 壁頭
Wuhan 牆
Guilin 牆
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 牆
Hefei 牆
Cantonese Guangzhou 牆
Hong Kong 牆
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 籬壆, 牆
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 牆
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 牆
Taishan 牆
Dongguan 籬
Yangjiang 牆
Hepu (Lianzhou) 牆
Hepu (Shatian) 牆
Beihai 牆
Beihai (Nankang) 牆
Beihai (Yingpan) 牆
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 牆壁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 牆
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 牆
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 牆
Singapore (Guangfu) 牆
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 牆
Móng Cái 牆
Gan Nanchang 牆, 壁
Pingxiang 牆
Hakka Meixian 牆, 壁
Yudu 牆
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 壁
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 壁
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 壁
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 壁
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 壁
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 壁
Hong Kong 牆, 壁頭
Senai (Huiyang) 牆
Huizhou Jixi 牆壁
Jin Taiyuan 牆
Northern Min Jian'ou 牆
Eastern Min Fuzhou 牆, 牆壁, 壁
Southern Min Xiamen 牆, 壁, 壁堵
Quanzhou 壁堵
Zhao'an 壁
Tainan 牆, 壁, 壁堵
Penang (Hokkien) 牆, 壁
Singapore (Hokkien) 牆, 壁
Manila (Hokkien) 壁
Medan (Hokkien) 壁
Chaozhou 牆
Bangkok (Teochew) 牆
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 牆
Singapore (Teochew) 壁, 牆
Puxian Min Putian 牆, 壁
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 牆, 壁
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 牆
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 牆, 壁, 牆壁
Xianyou 牆
Xianyou (Fengting) 牆
Xianyou (Youyang) 牆
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 牆
Wu Shanghai 牆頭, 牆壁
Shanghai (Chongming) 牆
Suzhou 牆頭, 牆壁
Danyang 牆頭
Hangzhou 牆頭
Ningbo 牆壁
Wenzhou 屏牆, 牆
Xiang Changsha 牆壁, 牆, 壁
Xiangxiang 牆
Loudi 壁頭
Shuangfeng 牆頭, 壁頭

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (壁):
  • → Japanese: 壁(へき) (heki)
  • → Korean: 벽(壁) (byeok)

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: vách (“wall”)

References

  1. ^ Alexander Lubotsky (1998), “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

Japanese

Kanji

壁

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: ひゃく (hyaku)
  • Kan-on: へき (heki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: かべ (kabe, 壁, Jōyō)、とりで (toride)
  • Nanori: かべ (kabe)

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
壁
かべ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Compound of 処(か) (ka, “place”) + 重(へ) (he, “division”), in reference to walls dividing objects apart.[1] The he changes to be as an instance of rendaku (連(れん)濁(だく)).

Pronunciation

Noun

壁(かべ) • (kabe) 

  1. wall
    • 2011 May 14, “アクア・マドール [Aqua Madoll]”, in Beginner's Edition 1, Konami:
      水(みず)をあやつる魔(ま)法(ほう)使(つか)い。分(ぶ)厚(あつ)い水(みず)の壁(かべ)をつくり敵(てき)を押(お)しつぶす。
      Mizu o ayatsuru mahōtsukai. Buatsui mizu no kabe o tsukuri teki o oshitsubusu.
      A water-manipulating magician who crushes his enemies with his massive water walls.
  2. something that impedes progress
  3. (nyobō kotoba) tofu
  4. a 掛詞 (kakekotoba) for 寝る (nuru) by way of 塗る (nuru)
  5. (moutaineering) a vertical cliff

Derived terms

See also

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

壁 (eumhun 벽 벽 (byeok byeok))

  1. hanja form? of 벽 (“wall”)

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

壁: Hán Việt readings: bích[1][2][3][4][5][6]
壁: Nôm readings: vách[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], bịch[2][3][5][6], bệch[2][3], mếch[7]

  1. chữ Nôm form of vách (“wall; cliff”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Trần (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hồ (1976).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nguyễn (2014).
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