囲む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
囲
かこ Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
圍む (kyūjitai)

Etymology

Pronounced かくむ (kakumu) in the Nara period (奈(な)良(ら)時(じ)代(だい) (Nara jidai), 710–794 CE), it was alternately pronounced かこむ (kakomu) since the middle of the Heian period (平(へい)安(あん)時(じ)代(だい) (Heian jidai), 794–1185 CE). The shift to かこむ (kakomu) is likely due to influence from the verb 囲(かこ)う (kakou), of similar meaning.

An alternate pronunciation かごむ (kagomu), with the medial /k/ becoming voiced to /g/, was formerly widely used, as recorded in the 史記抄(しきしょう) (shikishō) written in the Muromachi period (室(むろ)町(まち)時(じ)代(だい) (Muromachi jidai), c. 1336–1573).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かこむ [kàkómú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ko̞mɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 囲む

Plain	囲む	かこむ	`[kàkómú]`
Conjunctive	囲んで	かこんで	`[kàkóńdé]`
Perfective	囲んだ	かこんだ	`[kàkóńdá]`
Negative	囲まない	かこまない	`[kàkómánáí]`
Negative perfective	囲まなかった	かこまなかった	`[kàkómánáꜜkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	囲めば	かこめば	`[kàkóméꜜbà]`
Past conditional	囲んだら	かこんだら	`[kàkóńdáꜜrà]`
Imperative	囲め	かこめ	`[kàkómé]`
Volitional	囲もう	かこもー	`[kàkómóꜜò]`
Desiderative	囲みたい	かこみたい	`[kàkómítáí]`
Formal	囲みます	かこみます	`[kàkómímáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	囲みません	かこみません	`[kàkómímáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	囲みましょう	かこみましょー	`[kàkómímáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	囲みました	かこみました	`[kàkómímáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	囲み囲みに	かこみかこみに	`[kàkómí]` `[kàkómí ní]`
Negative continuative	囲まず囲まずに	かこまずかこまずに	`[kàkómázú]` `[kàkómázú ní]`
Passive	囲まれる	かこまれる	`[kàkómárérú]`
Causative	囲ませる囲ます	かこませるかこます	`[kàkómásérú]` `[kàkómású]`
Potential	囲める	かこめる	`[kàkómérú]`

Verb

囲(かこ)む • (kakomu) transitive godan (stem 囲(かこ)み (kakomi), past 囲(かこ)んだ (kakonda))

to encircle; to surround; to place things around something

Conjugation

Conjugation of "囲む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	囲ま	かこま	kakoma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	囲み	かこみ	kakomi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	囲む	かこむ	kakomu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	囲む	かこむ	kakomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	囲め	かこめ	kakome
Meireikei ("imperative")	囲め	かこめ	kakome
Key constructions
Passive	囲まれる	かこまれる	kakomareru
Causative	囲ませる囲ます	かこませるかこます	kakomaseru kakomasu
Potential	囲める	かこめる	kakomeru
Volitional	囲もう	かこもう	kakomō
Negative	囲まない	かこまない	kakomanai
Negative continuative	囲まず	かこまず	kakomazu
Formal	囲みます	かこみます	kakomimasu
Perfective	囲んだ	かこんだ	kakonda
Conjunctive	囲んで	かこんで	kakonde
Hypothetical conditional	囲めば	かこめば	kakomeba

References

^ “囲む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

“囲む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[1] “囲む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[ZAJ-2] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]