向令

Chinese

		direction; part; side direction; part; side; towards; to; guide; opposite to	make or cause to be; order; command make or cause to be; order; command; decree; honourable
trad. (向令)		向	令
simp. ^#(向令)		向	令

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiànglìng

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiànglìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siànglìng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴-ling⁴
  - Yale: syàng-lìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianqlinq
  - Palladius: сянлин (sjanlin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: xjangH ljengH

Rime
Character	向	令
Reading #	2/2	4/5
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	許亮切	力政切
Baxter	xjangH	ljengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ^H/	/liᴇŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ^H/	/liɛŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ^H/	/liæŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ^H/	/liajŋ^H/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ^H/	/liɛŋ^H/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ^H/	/lĭɛŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ^H/	/li̯ɛŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàng	lìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng³	ling⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋ-s riŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*hlaŋs reŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	向	令
Reading #	1/1	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàng	lìng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang^H ›	‹ ljeng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*n̥aŋ-s/	/*riŋ-s/
English	window facing North; turn towards	issue a command
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	向	令
Reading #	2/2	3/5
No.	13660	8284
Phonetic component	向	令
Rime group	陽	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	向	令
Old Chinese	/*hlaŋs/	/*reŋs/

Conjunction

向令

(Classical) if
- 向令伍子胥從奢俱死，何異螻蟻。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  向令伍子胥从奢俱死，何异蝼蚁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Xiànglìng Wǔ Zǐxū cóng shē jù sǐ, héyì lóuyǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 如果 (“if”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		若, 如, 如果, 若果, 果若, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	要是, 要
	Taiwan	要是, 要, 如果
	Malaysia	如果
	Singapore	如果
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	要是
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	要是
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	要是, 假比
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	要是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	要是, 要, 假使
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	要是, 倘此, 倘倘
Cantonese	Guangzhou	如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間
	Hong Kong	如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如
	Macau	假如
	Taishan	如果, 若果, 假使
	Kaiping (Chikan)	若果
	Yangjiang	設若
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	如果
	Singapore (Guangfu)	如果
Gan	Nanchang	要是, 若是
Gan	Lichuan	假使
Hakka	Meixian	係話, 若係, 如果
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	若果, 係講, 係話
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係講, 若係, 假使
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係
	Kuching (Hepo)	假使
Jin	Taiyuan	要是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	來是, 如果
Northern Min	Pucheng (Shibei)	來是, 如果
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	儷是, 若還
Southern Min	Xiamen	設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
	Quanzhou	設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是
	Zhangzhou	設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
	Tainan	若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使
	Penang (Hokkien)	若是, 若準
	Singapore (Hokkien)	若是
	Manila (Hokkien)	若是, 若, 假使
	Chaozhou	若是
	Shantou	如果
	Jieyang	若, 若是
	Singapore (Teochew)	若是
	Wenchang	但見, 欲
	Haikou	麼是, 設如, 設使
Wu	Shanghai	要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得
	Suzhou	要, 如果
	Wenzhou	若是, 若
Xiang	Changsha	要是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	要是, 要此